Cells and Metabolism Flashcards
NADH becomes ___ when it becomes NAD+ because it ___ electrons.
oxidized; loses
Classify the following macromolecule: four-ring structure with HO- on bottom left
Lipid
A culture of yeast is grown in the absence of oxygen. Under these conditions, ATP is
generated by ___, which takes place in the ____.
glycolysis; cytoplasm
Enzymes act as biological catalysts by
A) making the ΔG negative
B) increasing the rate of a specific reaction
C) lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction
D) A and B
E) B and C
F) A, B, and C
B and C
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ in that
facilitated diffusion requires an integral membrane protein
What is an example of a catabolic reaction?
Glycolysis
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the ___ and reduces carbon dioxide into ___.
Stroma; carbohydrates
The following carbohydrate is classified as:
CH2OH
|
C=O
|
HO-C-H
|
H-C-OH
|
H-C-OH
|
CH2OH
Hexose and/or Ketose
Which of the following are components of the Cell Theory (all that apply)
A) Cells are the most basic unit of life.
B) All cells need to have a nucleus.
C) Cells arise from preexisting cells.
D) All living things are composed of one or more cells.
E) Cells must be able to join with other cells or attach to solid surfaces.
A) Cells are the most basic unit of life.
C) Cells arise from preexisting cells.
D) All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Valine is
Neutral, Non-Polar, Hydrophobic
Glutamic Acid is
Negative Charge, Polar, Hydrophilic
Serine is
Neutral, Polar, Hydrophilic
How do you determine the polarity of an amino acid?
Polar: R-group will terminate with OH, SH, or NH2
Non-Polar: R-group terminates with CH
Which amino acids are negatively charged?
Aspartic Acid (Asp)
Glutamic Acid (Glu)
Which amino acids are positively charged?
Arginine (Arg)
Histidine (His)
Lysine (Lys)
Potassium cyanide is incredibly toxic and even low doses acts as a lethal poison in humans. In
initial experiments, you find that cyanide localizes to the mitochondria and specifically acts as an
electron acceptor in a redox reaction with cytochrome C. Explain why cyanide poisoning leads to decreased ATP synthesis
- Electrons are stopped/inhibited from transport to complex 4
- Loss of proton/ less efficient proton gradient established which leads to less ATP synthesis
Aquaporins are proteins that aid in transporting water into/out of the cell. Based on their function,
are aquaporins peripheral or integral membrane proteins? Explain your answer.
Integral membrane proteins because if they aid in the transport of water they must act as a carrier or channel protein and span the entire membrane to pass through the hydrophobic barrier
Your lab has engineered a novel protein, aquapumpin, that pumps water out of a cell using active transport. Cells that overexpress aquapumpin are placed in a hypotonic solution, and you will measure ATP consumption. Will the rate of ATP consumption be very high or very low? Explain your answer.
- Very high
- Water will attempt to fill the cell in a hypotonic solution, so aquapumpin must work harder to pump out the excess water.
Explain how photosynthetic cells maintain the correct ratio of ATP:NADPH needed for the
Calvin cycle
Cells utilize both non-cyclic and cyclic electron transport in the light reactions to make up the
deficiency of ATP needed in the Calvin Cycle
