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Physiology > Cells And Metabolism > Flashcards

Cells And Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer around cell
Regulates what enters and exits

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Between plasma membrane and nucleus
Include cytosol and organelles

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3
Q

Cytosol

A

The solution inside the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains nucleolus
holds and protects DNA

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5
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis
free ribosomes located in the cytoplasm bound ribosomes located to endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER proteins synthesis and processing
smooth ER lipids and carbohydrates synthesis has specialized functions in some cells

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8
Q

Golgi complex

A

Sorts, package, direct proteins to his final destination

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Performs intracellular digestion

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10
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Exports out of cells

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cell respiration—> the site of ATP synthase

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12
Q

Proteins that end up in the Golgi apparatus are proteins that Were made on

A

Bound ribosomes

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13
Q

Peroxisome

A

Detoxify molecules (alcohol) producing H2O2 then catalase breaks downs H2O2

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports, organizes, transport of organelles and anchor
Microtubules- tracks, cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle
Microfilaments- tracks, cleavage furrow, cell crawling, muscle contraction
Intermediate filaments – supports and shapes

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15
Q

List all organelles that are defined by a cell membrane (membrane bound organelles)

A

Nucleus, rough ER, smoothie ER, Golgi complex, transport vesicles, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria 

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16
Q

 what organelles are involved in protein processing?

A

Protein processing occurs after protein synthesis
Involves rough ER that add carbohydrates or lipids to proteins as they pass through the inside of this organelle
Transport vesicles that take the proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi complex
Golgi complex that then packages and ships proteins out to their destination
Destination which can include lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles 

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17
Q

What is the fate of proteins that are made on free versus bound ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes Proteins end up in the cytosol
Bound ribosome proteins end up in vesicles that may include either secretory vesicles lysosomes, Peroxisomes

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18
Q

Name three cytoskeletal proteins and their function

A

Microtubules are railroad tracks along which organelles can move
Intermediate filaments Provide a framework throughout the cell involves in cell to cell junctions
Microfilaments used to power organelle movements within cells or movements of cilia

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19
Q

Catabolism

A

Any chemical reaction that takes a larger molecule and breaks it down into smaller molecules
example hydrolysis reaction

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20
Q

Anabolism

A

Any chemical reaction that takes smaller molecules and join them to build larger molecules
dehydration synthesis

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21
Q

Transformation

A

Any chemical reaction that turned one molecule into another molecule conversion of cholesterol into any of the steroids such as testosterone or cortisol

22
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

23
Q

Where is energy stored within molecules such as glucose and ATP

A

Covalent bonds

24
Q

When glucose is processed through cell respiration specifically where in ATP is the energy of glucose transferred?

A

Energy is transferred into the formation of the last covalent bond between phosphate and ADP to form ATP

25
Q

General categories of function that sells can perform

A

Synthesize: monomers and polymers for growth repair regulation
Transport: substances into (nutrients) and out of (waste, products) Cells or across line of cell
Movement: Intracellular organelle transport, muscle contraction, beating of flagella and cilia, translocation of cells
Communication: Between cells using chemical messengers (ligands) that bind to receptors (proteins)

26
Q

A cell that detoxifies will have a greater density of

A

peroxisomes

27
Q

A white blood cells that digest ingested pathogens would have a greater density of

A

Lysosomes

28
Q

 A cell that requires a lot of energy for contraction would have a greater density of

A

Mitochondria

29
Q

A cell that synthesizes a lot of protein hormone for secretion will have a greater density of

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

They sell that synthesizes a lot of proteins for use within the cell would have a greater density of

A

Free ribosomes

31
Q

A cell that synthesizes a lot of steroid hormones for secretion will have a greater density of

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

Energy for hearing

A

Sound energy

33
Q

Energy for vision

A

Light energy

34
Q

Energy for cellular respiration to produce ATP

A

Chemical energy

35
Q

Energy for nerve conduction and initiation of muscle contraction

A

Electrical Energy

36
Q

Energy for collision between molecules allowing for chemical reactions to occur

A

Mechanical energy

37
Q

Describe the relationship between cell respiration and photosynthesis

A

Same chemical reaction in opposite directions

38
Q

Laws of thermodynamics
you burn a log completely where was all the energy

A

Originally the chemical bonds of the molecule that make up the wood. Heat energy you feel warm, light energy flames, sound energy crackling, chemical energy still remaining in molecules left in the ash and smoke

First law energy stored in word is transferred to all the energy forms mentioned
Second energy lol highly organized structure of the word becomes more disorganized (higher entropy) as it is transferred to the many energy forms

39
Q

law of thermodynamics
in cell respiration 40% of energy within glucose molecules is converted to ATP molecules 60% is given office heat

A

First law energy is transferred from glucose to ATP and he all energy is accounting for none is gain or lost
Second law as energy is transferred more highly organized glucose molecules (low entropy) becomes less organized heat and ATP (higher entropy)

40
Q

Is photosynthesis overall e ergo mix or endergonic

A

Photosynthesis is endergonic as energy from the sun is added to the system to create a higher energy molecule glucose

41
Q

Is cell respiration overall exergonic or endergonic

A

Cell respiration is exergenic as energy within the covalent bonds and glucose is released as glucose is degraded

42
Q

Exergonic

A

Release energy from a system
ATP—> ADP +Pi Energy is released from breaking the covalent bond of the last phosphate group in ATP

43
Q

Endergonic

A

Add energy to a system
Energy release from covenant bonds of glucose is added to create the covalent bond between ADP and Pi. ADP +Pi —> ATP

44
Q

What is phosphorylation, source of phosphate, consequence when the protein is phosphorylated, what happens to the protein when it’s dephosphorylated

A

Phosphorylation is adding a phosphate to a molecule
phosphate comes from ATP
consequence the proteins changes shape when phosphate group is covalently attached
dephosphorylation is when phosphate is removed from a protein

45
Q

Name the enzyme that adds phosphate to a protein

A

Kinase

46
Q

Name enzyme that removes phosphate from and proteins

A

Phosphatase

47
Q

What is phosphorylation cascade?

A

Signaling pathway where a chain of chemical reactions is activated by phosphorylation of enzymes resulting in the magnification of the response in the cell

48
Q

What is the primary benefit to the process in cells that creates a phosphorylation cascade

A

A phosphorlation to say magnified the cell response. One ligand binds to one receptor which without a phosphorylation Cascade can cause one response in the cell by comparison using a phosphorylation cascade one ligand binding to 1 receptor can cause 1000 times the response

49
Q

What are the three steps in cell respiration and where in the cell do they care

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
Krebs cycle occurs in the inner mitochondrial matrix
electron transport chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

50
Q

Functions cell perform

A

Synthesize monomers transform into polymers for growth, repair, and regulation
Cells also transport substances into and out of cell membranes
Another function cells have is for movement muscle cells contract, organelles transport, and the translocation of cells
Communication is a function also in cells use chemical messengers that bind to receptors

51
Q

Proteins that perform functions in cell

A

Synthesize- enzymes
Transport- membrane transporter
Movement- motor proteins
Communication:
listening - receptors
Speaking- messenger molecule

Physiology (8 decks)

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