Cells And Metabolism

Question 1

Plasma membrane

Answer 1

Phospholipid bilayer around cell
Regulates what enters and exits

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

Between plasma membrane and nucleus
Include cytosol and organelles

Question 3

Cytosol

Answer 3

The solution inside the cytoplasm

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

Contains nucleolus
holds and protects DNA

Question 5

Nucleolus

Answer 5

Makes ribosomes

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

Site of protein synthesis
free ribosomes located in the cytoplasm bound ribosomes located to endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

Rough ER proteins synthesis and processing
smooth ER lipids and carbohydrates synthesis has specialized functions in some cells

Question 8

Golgi complex

Answer 8

Sorts, package, direct proteins to his final destination

Question 9

Lysosomes

Answer 9

Performs intracellular digestion

Question 10

Secretory vesicles

Answer 10

Exports out of cells

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

Cell respiration—> the site of ATP synthase

Question 12

Proteins that end up in the Golgi apparatus are proteins that Were made on

Answer 12

Bound ribosomes

Question 13

Peroxisome

Answer 13

Detoxify molecules (alcohol) producing H2O2 then catalase breaks downs H2O2

Question 14

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Supports, organizes, transport of organelles and anchor
Microtubules- tracks, cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle
Microfilaments- tracks, cleavage furrow, cell crawling, muscle contraction
Intermediate filaments – supports and shapes

Question 15

List all organelles that are defined by a cell membrane (membrane bound organelles)

Answer 15

Nucleus, rough ER, smoothie ER, Golgi complex, transport vesicles, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria 

Question 16

 what organelles are involved in protein processing?

Answer 16

Protein processing occurs after protein synthesis
Involves rough ER that add carbohydrates or lipids to proteins as they pass through the inside of this organelle
Transport vesicles that take the proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi complex
Golgi complex that then packages and ships proteins out to their destination
Destination which can include lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles 

Question 17

What is the fate of proteins that are made on free versus bound ribosomes?

Answer 17

Free ribosomes Proteins end up in the cytosol
Bound ribosome proteins end up in vesicles that may include either secretory vesicles lysosomes, Peroxisomes

Question 18

Name three cytoskeletal proteins and their function

Answer 18

Microtubules are railroad tracks along which organelles can move
Intermediate filaments Provide a framework throughout the cell involves in cell to cell junctions
Microfilaments used to power organelle movements within cells or movements of cilia

Question 19

Catabolism

Answer 19

Any chemical reaction that takes a larger molecule and breaks it down into smaller molecules
example hydrolysis reaction

Question 20

Anabolism

Answer 20

Any chemical reaction that takes smaller molecules and join them to build larger molecules
dehydration synthesis

Question 21

Transformation

Answer 21

Any chemical reaction that turned one molecule into another molecule conversion of cholesterol into any of the steroids such as testosterone or cortisol

Question 22

Metabolism

Answer 22

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 23

Where is energy stored within molecules such as glucose and ATP

Answer 23

Covalent bonds

Question 24

When glucose is processed through cell respiration specifically where in ATP is the energy of glucose transferred?

Answer 24

Energy is transferred into the formation of the last covalent bond between phosphate and ADP to form ATP

Question 25

General categories of function that sells can perform

Answer 25

Synthesize: monomers and polymers for growth repair regulation Transport: substances into (nutrients) and out of (waste, products) Cells or across line of cell Movement: Intracellular organelle transport, muscle contraction, beating of flagella and cilia, translocation of cells Communication: Between cells using chemical messengers (ligands) that bind to receptors (proteins)

Question 26

A cell that detoxifies will have a greater density of

Answer 26

peroxisomes

Question 27

A white blood cells that digest ingested pathogens would have a greater density of

Answer 27

Lysosomes

Question 28

 A cell that requires a lot of energy for contraction would have a greater density of

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

A cell that synthesizes a lot of protein hormone for secretion will have a greater density of

Answer 29

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 30

They sell that synthesizes a lot of proteins for use within the cell would have a greater density of

Answer 30

Free ribosomes

Question 31

A cell that synthesizes a lot of steroid hormones for secretion will have a greater density of

Answer 31

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 32

Energy for hearing

Answer 32

Sound energy

Question 33

Energy for vision

Answer 33

Light energy

Question 34

Energy for cellular respiration to produce ATP

Answer 34

Chemical energy

Question 35

Energy for nerve conduction and initiation of muscle contraction

Answer 35

Electrical Energy

Question 36

Energy for collision between molecules allowing for chemical reactions to occur

Answer 36

Mechanical energy

Question 37

Describe the relationship between cell respiration and photosynthesis

Answer 37

Same chemical reaction in opposite directions

Question 38

Laws of thermodynamics you burn a log completely where was all the energy

Answer 38

Originally the chemical bonds of the molecule that make up the wood. Heat energy you feel warm, light energy flames, sound energy crackling, chemical energy still remaining in molecules left in the ash and smoke First law energy stored in word is transferred to all the energy forms mentioned Second energy lol highly organized structure of the word becomes more disorganized (higher entropy) as it is transferred to the many energy forms

Question 39

law of thermodynamics in cell respiration 40% of energy within glucose molecules is converted to ATP molecules 60% is given office heat

Answer 39

First law energy is transferred from glucose to ATP and he all energy is accounting for none is gain or lost Second law as energy is transferred more highly organized glucose molecules (low entropy) becomes less organized heat and ATP (higher entropy)

Question 40

Is photosynthesis overall e ergo mix or endergonic

Answer 40

Photosynthesis is endergonic as energy from the sun is added to the system to create a higher energy molecule glucose

Question 41

Is cell respiration overall exergonic or endergonic

Answer 41

Cell respiration is exergenic as energy within the covalent bonds and glucose is released as glucose is degraded

Question 42

Exergonic

Answer 42

Release energy from a system ATP—> ADP +Pi Energy is released from breaking the covalent bond of the last phosphate group in ATP

Question 43

Endergonic

Answer 43

Add energy to a system Energy release from covenant bonds of glucose is added to create the covalent bond between ADP and Pi. ADP +Pi —> ATP

Question 44

What is phosphorylation, source of phosphate, consequence when the protein is phosphorylated, what happens to the protein when it’s dephosphorylated

Answer 44

Phosphorylation is adding a phosphate to a molecule phosphate comes from ATP consequence the proteins changes shape when phosphate group is covalently attached dephosphorylation is when phosphate is removed from a protein

Question 45

Name the enzyme that adds phosphate to a protein

Answer 45

Kinase

Question 46

Name enzyme that removes phosphate from and proteins

Answer 46

Phosphatase

Question 47

What is phosphorylation cascade?

Answer 47

Signaling pathway where a chain of chemical reactions is activated by phosphorylation of enzymes resulting in the magnification of the response in the cell

Question 48

What is the primary benefit to the process in cells that creates a phosphorylation cascade

Answer 48

A phosphorlation to say magnified the cell response. One ligand binds to one receptor which without a phosphorylation Cascade can cause one response in the cell by comparison using a phosphorylation cascade one ligand binding to 1 receptor can cause 1000 times the response

Question 49

What are the three steps in cell respiration and where in the cell do they care

Answer 49

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol Krebs cycle occurs in the inner mitochondrial matrix electron transport chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 50

Functions cell perform

Answer 50

Synthesize monomers transform into polymers for growth, repair, and regulation Cells also transport substances into and out of cell membranes Another function cells have is for movement muscle cells contract, organelles transport, and the translocation of cells Communication is a function also in cells use chemical messengers that bind to receptors

Question 51

Proteins that perform functions in cell

Answer 51

Synthesize- enzymes Transport- membrane transporter Movement- motor proteins Communication: listening - receptors Speaking- messenger molecule