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Neuroanatomy > Cells and Cytoarchitecture of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells and Cytoarchitecture of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Principal cells in CNS

A 
Neurons 
Glial cells 
-Astrocytes
-Oligodendrocytes
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells
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2
Q

Neurons

A

Receive info by synapses, transmit info

Multipolar with many dendrites to one axon

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3
Q

Group of neurons outside CNS

A

Ganglion

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4
Q

Characteristics of neuons

A 
Cell body (soma) - nucleus and cell organelles
Axon - long process
Dendrites - numerous, short branched processes
Synapses- specialised junctions
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5
Q

Axon arises from swelling in soma called

A

Axon hillock

Leads to initial segmentation of axon (APs arise here)

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6
Q

Pyramidal cell

A

Lots of dendrites

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7
Q

Multipolar

A

Common, many dendrites 1 axon

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8
Q

Bipolar

A

1 dendrite 1 axon

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9
Q

Pseudopolar

A

Short processes give rise to axons in both directions

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10
Q

What is axonal transport?

A

Energy consuming mechanism to move material up and down the axon

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11
Q

How does axonal transport work?

A

Molecular motors such as kinesin = microtubules attach organelles, vesicles etc.

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12
Q

Anterograde axonal transport

A

Fast axonal transport
400 mm/day
Move away from soma

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13
Q

Retrograde axonal transport

A

200 mm/day

towards soma

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14
Q

Neurophil

A

Neuronal and glial cell processes containing myriad synaptic contacts

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15
Q

Another name for presynaptic axon terminal

A

Terminal bouton

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16
Q

Glial cells

A

10 times more numerous in CNS than neurons

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17
Q

Astrocytes

A 
FORMATION OF BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
Many processes
Star shaped 
Scaffolding 
Surround synapses
Processes found near synapses 
Guide migration of cells and processes
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18
Q

How do unmyelinated axons and nodes of ranvier maintain extracellular movement

A

Absorb K+

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19
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

Common in white matter
Fewer processes
Processes are long and thin

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20
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Most common in grey matter

Lots of short branching processes

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21
Q

Astrocytes have intermediate filaments in their cytoplasm what are they made of?

A

GFAP- glial fibrilary acidic protein

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22
Q

Astrocytes end in flattened processes called

A

Endfeet
do not have tight junctions, so do not form the actual BBB,
Induce the capillary endothelium to form tight junctions and these tight junctions between the capillary endothelial cells form the heart of the BBB.

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23
Q

Astrocytes send similar endfeets forming a covering below pia and ependymal lining of ventricles this is

A

Glia limitans

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24
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin ONLY IN CNS
Small round cells
Numerous processes extending to produce internodes of myelin
Round nucleus

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25
One oligodendrocyte produces
Several internodes of myelin (CNS)
26
One schwann cell
Single shealth (PNS)
27
Microglia
Similar to macrophages Immune monitoring and antigen presentation Brain = slow rate of lymphoid cell traficking Resting state = elongated nucleus, short spiny cell processes When activated become rounder Express MHC class II proteins Smallest glial cells
28
Perivascular macrophages are found
around blood vessels | On vascular side of basal lamina
29
Ependymal cell
Cuboidal/columnar epithelium-like cells that line the ventricles Ependymocytes form majority of epndymal lining Lack basal lamina therefore not true epithelia Basally they interdigitate with astrocyte processes of the glia limitans. Apically they lack tight junctions, and this allows free exchange between the CSF and the CNS parenchyma.
30
Tanycytes
Small, specialised subset of ependymocytes Found in the ependyma lining the floor of the 3rd ventricle. Lack a blood-brain barrier=circumventricular organs. Long processes from the tanycytes contact these blood vessels, including those of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system, and these cells are thought to play a role in monitoring hormone levels in the CSF and responding by discharging secretory products into capillaries, perhaps to control secretion from the anterior pituitary.
31
Choroid Plexus
villous structure with a core of blood vessels covered by a layer of pia mater and an outer layer of choroid epithelium, which are modified ependymal cells. Cuboidal cells have long microvilli on their surface. Tight junctions between them = BLOOD- CSF BARRIER. Secrete CSF.
32
Neuron cell bodies
Large with abundant cytoplasm and Nissl substance and large nuclei
33
Support cells- satellite cells & Schwann cells.
small cells which surround the neuronal cell body
34
PNS
``` Neuron cell bodies Support cells Axons Loose fibrocollagenous CT Dorsal root ganglia and autonomic root ganglia ```
35
Dorsal root ganglion
Pseudounipolar therefore no synapses
36
Autonomic root ganglion
Synapses present
37
What is a nerve
collection of axons linked together by support tissue into an anatomically defined trunk. The axons may be either motor (efferent) or sensory (afferent), and can be myelinated or unmyelinated
38
Peripheral nerve composed of
1. Axons 2. Schwann cells, some of which produce myelin. 3. Fibroblasts which produce fibrocollagenous material. 4. Blood vessels
39
What is a fascicle?
Several bundles of axons
40
What is Epineurium
CT sheath surrounding whole nerve
41
What is perineurium
CT sheath surrounding fasicle
42
What is endoneurium
CT sheath surrounding fibres within a fasicle
43
The blood-nerve barrier
consists of tight junctions in the intrafascicular capillaries and tight junctions between cells in the perineurium.
44
Schwann cells
Larger axons myelinated by these Form a single internode of myelin around 1 axon Derived from neural crest cells produce a basal lamina
45
Remak bundles
Smaller axons embedded in clefts of cytoplasms of Schwann cell unmyelinated groups
46
Satellite cells
Flat epithelia like cells surrounding neurons in sensory and autonomic ganglia
47
Myelin sheath
Made of multiple layers of lipid rich membrane Special adhesion proteins and lipids 220mph
48
PNS myelin sheath
Formed by schwann cells
49
CNS myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes makes myelin around many axons
50
Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (or clefts)
Strip of cytoplasm across sheath as helical spiral | Allow transport of molecules across sheath
51
Node of Ranvier
Break in myelin
52
Internode
Length of axon covered by myelin | Typically 1um
53
Saltatory conduction
Increases speed of conduction by 100 fold
54
Motor neurons axons end in
NMJ on voluntary muscle(SMS) | Form synapses with smooth muscle (ANS)
55
Merkel disc
Very sensitive to tissue displacement and widely distributed in skin and some mucosae
56
Ruffini ending
Found in glabrous skin, mainly responds to skin stretch
57
Pacinian corpuscle
Sensitive to deep pressure. Found deep in dermis. 20-60 lamellae of CT separated by gelatinous material. Up to 1mm in length.
58
Meissner's corpuscle
Sensitive to light touch. Widely distributed, but concentrated in areas like fingertips and tongue. Located in the dermal papillae.
59
NMJ
Presynaptic terminal and motor end plate
60
Allocortex
Archiocortex - hippocampus | Paleocortex - olfactory cortex
61
Neocortex
6 layers
62
Cortical neurons
Principal cells and interneurons
63
Principal cells
Pyramidal cells, fusiform cells - project to thalamus Excitatory Axonal process of these are not confined to cortex
64
Interneurons
Spiny stellate cells (excitory) Non-spiny cells (inhibitory) --basket, fusiform, horizontal and martinotti cells
65
Pyramidal cells
Triangular Apex towards surface of brain Single long apical dendrite towards cortical surface and basal dendrites extend horizontally. Single axon from basal surface from grey matter to white matter
66
Molecular layer (I) most sup
Few cells | Horizontal axons and dendrites of afferents, intercortical neurons and apical dendrites of pyramidal cells
67
External granular layer (II)
Many small neurons (interneurons and small pyramidal cells)
68
External Pyramidal layer (III)
Pyramidal cells Axons project to other parts of the cortex Get larger as go down the layer
69
Internal granular layer (IV)
Stellate cells
70
Internal pyramidal layer (V)
Large pyramidal cells Project to subcortical layers (BS and SC) Primary motor cortex = giant cells (100um)= betz cells
71
Multiform layer VI
Different cell types | Fusiform project to thalamus
72
Cortical columns
200-500um D Respond to peripheral stimulus In primary sensory cortices (visual cortex)
73
Cerebellar cortex
``` 3 layers (sup to deep) Molecular Purkinje cell Granule cell White matter ```

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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