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Biology > Cells And Control > Flashcards

Cells And Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List in order the stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis (before telophase ends)

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2
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

In a cell that’s not dividing, DNA is spread out in long strings. During interphase, the cell grows and increases the number of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes. It then duplicates its DNA, which is copied and forms X-shaped chromosomes where each arm of the X is a copy of the other.

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3
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter. The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell

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5
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Cell fibres pull chromosomes apart. The two arms of each go to opposite ends of the cell.

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6
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Membranes form around each set of chromosomes which become the new nuclei.

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7
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two separate cells

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8
Q

Why is mitosis important for an organism?

A

Growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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9
Q

Why may organisms rely on asexual reproduction?

A

More offspring more quickly, no mate needed, only one parent needed so isolation is not a problem.

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10
Q

How do cancers grow?

A

If there is a change in one of the genes controlling cell division, the cell may start dividing uncontrollably which can result in a mass of abnormal cells (tumour) which can invade and destroy surrounding tissue (cancer)

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11
Q

Define growth in animals

A

An increase in cell number and size

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12
Q

Give examples of specialised animal cells.

A

Sperm, egg, ciliated epithelial, red blood, white blood

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13
Q

Describe how the structure of specialised animal cells is related to their function.

A

Red blood cells: no nucleus and biconcave shape to maximise space to carry oxyhaemoglobin.
White blood cells: can make antibodies.

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14
Q

Why is cell differentiation important to the development of specialised cells?

A

Cell differentiation is the process by which undifferentiated (stem) cells become specialised for their function

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15
Q

What is a percentile growth chart and how is it used?

A

Used to assess a child’s growth over time. 3 measurements: length, mass and head circumference. A chart shows a number of percentiles-50th percentile shows the mass etc that 50% of babies have reached by that age. Doctors investigate if a baby is above or below the top or bottom percentile or if there are abnormalities

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16
Q

Describe the stages of growth in plants.

A

Mitosis happens in meristems (tips of roots or shoots). Cell elongation is where plant cells expand. Cell differentiation is where cells produced in the meristems become specialised

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17
Q

Give examples of and describe specialised plant cells

A

Root hair cell: no chloroplasts, large surface area to aid diffusion, osmosis and active transport
Phloem: elongated, small pores in the end to allow transportation of food substances which uses energy from respiration
Xylem: dead cells strengthened with lignin joined end to end with no end wall to allow water uptake
Palisade: packed with chloroplasts to easily facilitate photosynthesis

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18
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

Meristems (roots and shoots) in plants
Embryos
Bone marrow in adults (stem cells partially specialised)

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19
Q

What is the function of stem cells?

A

Growth, repair and development

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20
Q

What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate to form any cell whereas adult stem cells can only form certain types of cell and are for repair.

21
Q

Where may stem cells be used in medicine?

A

Adult stem cells can be used to cure some diseases e.g. sickle cell anaemia can be cured with a bone marrow transplant.
Scientists have experimented with using embryonic stem cells to create specialised cells which could be used to replace damaged cells e.g. new cardiac muscle cells

22
Q

What are the benefits of using stem cells in medicine?

A

New cures for currently incurable diseases

Potential for “fixing” injuries which previously wouldn’t heal

23
Q

What are the risks of using stem cells?

A

Tumour development leading to cancer
Disease transmission from donor to patient
Rejection

24
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord made up of?

A

Spinal cord is a long column of neurones

Brain is billions of interconnected neurones

25
Q

Draw and label a diagram of the brain.

A

Use google

26
Q

What are the functions of the different parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum: largest part, divided into cerebral hemispheres, right hemisphere controls muscles on left side of the body & vice versa. Different parts responsible for different things including movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision
Cerebellum: muscle coordination and balance
Medulla oblongata: unconscious activities including breathing and heart rate

27
Q

Describe CT scanning

A

Uses X-rays to produce an image of the brain.
Shows main structures but not functions
Shows diseased or damaged brain structures which can be used to work out function

28
Q

Describe PET scanning

A

Uses radioactive chemicals to show which parts of the brain are active (or unusually active/inactive which can be useful in studying disorders which affect brain activity e.g. Alzheimer’s disease) and can be used to investigate the structure and function of the brain in real time

29
Q

What are the effects of spinal cord damage?

A

It can cause paralysis, issues with responses since brain commands are issued through the spinal cord

30
Q

What are the effects of damage to different parts of the brain?

A

Damaging some areas, such as the frontal lobe, can change personality as these areas affect that.
Damage to other areas will affect the thing they control

31
Q

What are the limitations of brain and spinal cord surgery?

A

It is hard to repair damage to the CNS as neurones don’t easily repair themselves. Some areas are difficult to access. Treatment may lead to permanent damage if issues occur

32
Q

List the parts of the nervous system

A

Neurones (sensory, motor and relay)

Brain and spinal cord (CNS)

33
Q

How does the nervous system detect stimuli?

A

Receptors detect it and it is converted to an electrical signal which is transported to the CNS along sensory neurones. The CNS coordinates the response. Impulses travel through the CNS along relay neurones. The CNS sends info to an effector along a motor neurone.

34
Q

Describe the structure of sensory neurones and explain how they are adapted to their function

A

One long dendron (long neurones are quicker than lots of short ones) carries nerve impulses from receptors to the cell body in the middle of the neurone. One short axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the CNS. Neurones may have a myelin sheath, which insulates them, speeding up the impulse

35
Q

Describe the structure of motor neurones and explain how they are adapted to their function

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body in the middle of the neurone. One long (long neurones are quicker) axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to effector cells . Neurones may have a myelin sheath.

36
Q

Describe the structure of relay neurones and explain how they are adapted to their function

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to the cell body in the middle of the neurone. An axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to effector cells . Neurones may have a myelin sheath.

37
Q

Describe the route that impulses take to and from the brain

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, CNS, Motor neurone, effector, response

38
Q

Identify the main parts of the eye

A

Cornea, iris, lens, retina, rods, cones, optic nerve

In unsure of locations check google

39
Q

How is the cornea adapted to its function?

A

It refracts light into the eye. It is transparent and convex.

40
Q

How is the lens adapted to its function?

A

It focuses light onto the retina. It is elastic, allowing near and far objects to be focussed on when suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles pull tight and relax in turn

41
Q

How is the iris adapted to its function?

A

It controls how much light enters the pupil. It receives information from the CNS to allow it to shrink the pupil in bright light and grow it in dim light

42
Q

How is the retina adapted to its function?

A

Light sensitive part- covered in rods (which are sensitive in dim light) and cones (which detect colour)

43
Q

What is colour blindness?

A

Colour-blind people can’t tell the difference between certain colours. It is caused when some of the cones on the retina do not work properly and is currently incurable as cone cells cannot be replaced

44
Q

What is long sightedness and how is it corrected?

A

Occurs when the lens doesn’t refract light enough our eyeball is too short so light from near objects is brought into focus behind the retina. It can be corrected by glasses with a convex lens.

45
Q

What is short sightedness and how is it corrected?

A

Occurs when the lens refracts light too much or the eyeball is too long so light from distant objects is brought into focus in front of the retina. Glasses with a concave lens correct this

46
Q

What are cataracts and how are they treated?

A

A cataract is a cloudy patch on the lens which causes blurry vision. It is treated by replacing the faulty lens with an artificial lens

47
Q

Explain the action and function of synapses

A

Synapses are the connections between neurones. The nerve signal is transferred by neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap. Synapses slow down the transmission of nervous impulses.

48
Q

Why does the reflex arc allow a faster response?

A

You don’t have to think about it as it goes through an unconscious part of the brain or the spinal cord

49
Q

Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc

A

Stimulus is detected. Impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the CNS to a motor neurone to an effector (muscle or gland)

Biology (9 decks)

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