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Biology > Cells and control > Flashcards

Cells and control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

This is when a cell divides and makes two cells identical to the original cell.

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2
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.

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3
Q

What is interphase?

A

This is when the DNA is spread out in long strings. Before it divides, the cell has to grow and to increase the amount of subcellular structures. It then duplicates its DNA - so there’s one copy for each new cell. The DNA is copied and forms X-shaped chromosomes. Each `arm’ of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other.

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4
Q

What is prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter. The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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5
Q

What is metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell.

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6
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Cell fibres pull the chromosomes apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell.

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7
Q

What is telophase?

A

Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus has divided.

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8
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two separate cells.

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9
Q

You can calculate the number of cells there’ll be after multiple divisions of a cell by mitosis using what formula?

A

number of cells = 2ⁿ, where `n’ is the number of divisions by mitosis.

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10
Q

What is growth?

A

Growth is an increase in size or mass.

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11
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. Having specialised cells allows multicellular organisms to work more effectively.

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12
Q

What is cell elongation?

A

This is where a plant cell expand, making the cell bigger and so making the plant grow.

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13
Q

How does cancer develop?

A

If there’s a change in one of the genes that controls cell division, the cell may start dividing uncontrollably. This results in a mass of abnormal cells called a tumour.

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14
Q

What chart is used to monitor growth?

A

Percentile charts.

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15
Q

Undifferentiated cells are called what?

A

Stem cells.

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16
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

They are cells that have the potential to divide and produce any kind of cell at all. This makes them important for growth.

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17
Q

Where are stem cells found in adults?

A

Bone marrow.

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18
Q

What are meristems?

A

These are the only cells that divide by mitosis in plant tissues.

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19
Q

Meristem tissue is found where?

A

The tips of roots and shoots.

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20
Q

What are the benefits of using stem cells in medicine?

A

It might be possible to use stem cells to create specialised cells to replace those damaged by disease or injury.

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine?

A
  • Rejection
  • Tumour development
  • Disease transmission
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22
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

It is a long column of neurones (nerve cells) that run from the base of the brain down the spine. The spinal cord relays information between the brain and the rest of the body.

23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla oblongata
24
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

The largest part of the brain. It’s divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres. The right hemisphere controls muscles on the left side of the body and vice versa. Different parts of the cerebrum are responsible for different things, including movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision.

25
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance.

26
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Controls unconscious activities like breathing and your heart rate.

27
Q

What is a CT scan?

A
  • It uses X-rays to produce an image of the brain
  • Shows main structures in the brain, not the function
  • If a CT scan shows a diseased or damaged brain structure and the patient has lost some function, the function of that part of the brain can be worked out
28
Q

What is a PET scan?

A
  • They use radioactive chemicals to show which parts of the brain are active
  • Can be used to investigate both the structure and the function of the bran in real time.
29
Q

Treating problems in the CNS an be difficult, why?

A
  • Treatment can lead to permanent damage
  • If a problem occurs in a part of the nervous system that’s not easy to access it can be hard to treat
  • Neurones don’t readily repair themselves and as of yet scientists have not developed a way to repair nervous tissue
30
Q

What is a sensory neurone and what does it do?

A
  • One long Dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the ell body, which is located in the middle of the neurone
  • One short axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the CNS
31
Q

What is a motor neurone and what does it do?

A
  • Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body
  • One axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to effector cells
32
Q

What is a relay neurone and what does it do?

A
  • Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to the cell body
  • An axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurones
33
Q

What do dendrites and dendrons do?

A

They carry nerve impulses towards the cell body.

34
Q

What do axons do?

A

They carry nerve impulses away from the cell body.

35
Q

What is a sensory receptor?

A

A group of cells that can detect changes in your environment (a stimulus).

36
Q

What is an effector muscle or gland?

A

The CNS sends information to an effector (muscle or gland) along a motor neurone. The effector then responds accordingly - e.g. a muscle may contract.

37
Q

The time it takes you to respond to a stimulus is called your what?

A

Reaction time.

38
Q

What is myelin sheath?

A

This acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulses. It surrounds some axons.

39
Q

The connection between two neurones is called a what?

A

Synapse.

40
Q

The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called what?

A

Neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the gap.

41
Q

Reflexes are what?

A

Automatic, rapid responses to stimuli and can reduce the chance of being injured.

42
Q

What is the cornea and what does it do?

A

It refracts (bends) light into the eye.

43
Q

What is the iris and what does it do?

A

It controls how much light enters the pupil (the hole in the middle).

44
Q

What is the lens and what does it do?

A

It also refracts light, focusing it onto the retina.

45
Q

What is the retina and what does it do?

A

It is the light sensitive part and it’s covered in receptor cells called rods and cones, which detect light.

46
Q

What is are rods and what do they do?

A

Rods are more sensitive in dim light but can’t sense colour.

47
Q

What is are cones and what do they do?

A

Cones are sensitive to different colours but are not so good in dim light.

48
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

It carries the information from light that is converted into electrical impulses from the receptor to the brain.

49
Q

Looking at distant objects:

A
  • The ciliary muscle relaxes, which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight
  • This pulls the lens into a less rounded shape so light is refracted less
50
Q

To look at close objects:

A
  • The ciliary muscle contracts, which slackens the suspensory ligaments
  • The lens becomes a more rounded shape, so light is refracted more
51
Q

What is long-sightedness and why does it occur?

A
  • It is when people are unable to focus on near objects
  • This occurs when the lens is the wrong shape and doesn’t bend the light enough or the eyeball is too short
  • Light from near objects is brought into focus behind the retina
  • You can use glasses/contact lenses with a convex lens to correct it
52
Q

What is short-sightedness and why does it occur?

A

-This is when people are unable to focus on distant objects
This occurs when the lens is the wrong shape and bends the light to much or the eyeball is too long
-Light from distant objects is brought into focus in front of the retina
-You can use glasses or contact lenses with a concave lens to concave lens to correct it

53
Q

What is colour blindness and what causes it?

A
  • This is when a person can not tell the difference between certain colours
  • It is caused when certain cones in the retina are not working properly
54
Q

What is a cataract?

A

This is a cloudy patch of the lens caused by a build up of proteins which stops light from being able to enter the eye normally. This is treated by replacing the lens with an artificial one.

Biology (10 decks)

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