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Biology > Animal coordination, control and homeostasis > Flashcards

Animal coordination, control and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemicals released directly into the blood.

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2
Q

What are target organs?

A

This is when hormones in the blood travel to other parts of the body but only affect particular cells in particular organs.

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3
Q

Hormones are produced in (and secreted by) various glands, called what?

A

Endocrine glands which make up your endocrine system.

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4
Q

What are the 6 endocrine glands you need to know?

A
  • The pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Ovaries
  • Adrenal gland
  • The pancreas
  • Testes
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5
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

The pituitary gland produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. It is sometimes called the `master gland’ because these hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change.

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6
Q

What does the Thyroid gland do?

A

This produces thyroxine, which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

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7
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

They produce oestrogen, which is involved in the menstrual cycle.

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8
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

These produce adrenaline, which is used to prepare the body for a `fight or flight’ response.

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9
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

This produces insulin, which is used to regulate the blood glucose level.

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10
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Produce testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males.

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11
Q

What are the differences between neurones and hormones?

A 
Neurones:
-Very fast action
-Act for a very short time
-Act on a very precise area
Hormones:
-Slower action
-Act for a long time
-Act in a more general way
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12
Q

How does adrenaline prepare the body for `fight or flight’?

A
  • Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart. This causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so the heart rate and blood pressure increase.
  • This increases blood flow to the muscles, so the cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration.
  • Adrenaline also binds to receptors in the liver. This causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose.
  • This increases the blood glucose level, so there is more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells
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13
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

This is when the body detects that the level of a substance has gone above or below the normal level, it triggers a response to bring it back to normal.

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14
Q

Explain how thyroxine controls metabolic rate as an

example of negative feedback

A
  • When the blood thyroxine level is lower than normal, the hypothalamus (a structure in the brain) is stimulated to release thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, so the blood thyroxine level rises back towards normal
  • When the blood thyroxine level becomes higher than normal, the release if TRH from the hypothalamus is inhibited, which reduces the production of TSH, so the blood thyroxine level falls
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15
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The menstrual cycle is the monthly sequence in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus (womb) in case the egg is fertilised.

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16
Q

How many stages are there of the menstrual cycle?

A

4

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17
Q

What happens at stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 1 is when the menstrual cycle begins. The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released.

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18
Q

What happens at stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining is repaired, from day 4 to day 14, until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to implant there.

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19
Q

What happens at stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released from the ovary (ovulation) at about day 14.

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20
Q

What happens at stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining is then maintained for about 12 days, until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over.

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21
Q

The menstrual cycle is controlled by four hormones, what are they?

A

FSH, oestrogen, LH, progesterone.

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22
Q

What is FSH?

A

-Released by the pituitary gland
-Causes a follicle to mature in one of the ovaries
Stimulates oestrogen production

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23
Q

What is oestrogen?

A
  • Released by the ovaries
  • Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
  • A high level stimulates an LH surge
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24
Q

What is LH?

A
  • Released by the pituitary gland
  • The LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14 - the follicle ruptures and the egg is released
  • Stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into a structure called a corpus luteum - which secretes progesterone
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25
Q

What is progesterone?

A
  • Released by the corpus luteum after ovulation
  • Maintains the lining of the uterus
  • Inhibits the release of FSH and LH
  • When the level of progesterone falls, and there’s a low oestrogen level, the uterus lining breaks down
  • A low progesterone level allows FSH to increase… and then the whole cycles starts again
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26
Q

What is a follicle?

A

An egg and its surrounding cells.

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27
Q

What are the two methods you need to know regarding how an infertile couple can use to become pregnant?

A

Clomifene therapy and IVF (in vitro fertilisation)

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28
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

Some women are infertile because they don’t ovulate or they don’t ovulate regularly. These women can take a drug called clomifene. This works by causing more FSH and LH to be released by the body, which stimulate egg maturation and ovulation - see previous page. By knowing when the women will be ovulating, the couple can have intercourse during this time period to improve the chance of becoming pregnant.

29
Q

What is IVF?

A

IVF involves collecting eggs from the women’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm. These are then grown into embryos. Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the women’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy. FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate egg production (so more then one egg can be collected).

30
Q

Give examples of how hormones can be used as contraceptives.

A
  • If oestrogen is taken every day to keep the level of it permanently high, it inhibits the production of FSH, and after a while egg development and production stop and stay stopped
  • Progesterone can also be used to reduce fertility, it stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus, which prevents any sperm getting through the entrance to the uterus and reaching the egg
31
Q

What is the male contraceptive barrier method?

A

Condom.

32
Q

What is the female contraceptive barrier method?

A

Diaphragms.

33
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

Homeostasis mean maintaining the right conditions inside your body, so that everything works properly.

34
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Regulating water content.

35
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Regulating body temperature.

36
Q

What is blood glucose regulation?

A

This is when you need to make sure the amount of glucose in your blood doesn’t get too high or too low.

37
Q

What is an excess of glucose stored as and where?

A

It is stored as glycogen in the liver.

38
Q

When glucose stores are full what is it stored as?

A

It is stored as lipid (fat) in the tissues.

39
Q

When the blood glucose concentration is too high, what is added to the blood?

A

Insulin.

40
Q

When the blood glucose concentration is too low, what is added?

A

Glucagon.

41
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

This is a condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

42
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

This is a condition where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when a person becomes resistant to insulin.

43
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A
  • Insulin therapy (Injection of insulin into the blood)
  • Limiting intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates
  • Regular exercise
44
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A

It can be controlled by eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise. Some people may also have medication or insulin injections.

45
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body Mass Index.

46
Q

People are classified as obese if they have a BMI over what?

A

30.

47
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

BMI= weight (kg)
⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻
(height (m))²

48
Q

What is the formula for waist-to-hip ratio?

A 
Waist-to-hip ratio = waist circumference (cm)
                                —————————————
                                 hip circumference (cm)
49
Q

What is optimum temperature?

A

The temperature at which an enzyme works best.

50
Q

What is the hypothalamus and what does it do?

A

It is a structure in the brain and acts as your own personal thermostat, the thermoregulatory centre.

51
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Outer layer of skin.

52
Q

What is the dermis?

A

A deeper layer of skin below epidermis.

53
Q

What does vascodilation mean?

A

Blood vessels close to the skin dilate (widen).

54
Q

What does vascoconstriction mean?

A

Blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict.

55
Q

What happens when you are too hot?

A
  • Erector muscles relax, so hairs lie flat
  • Sweat is produced, it then evaporates and transfers energy from your skin to the atmosphere, cooling you down
  • Vascodialation occurs, it allows more blood to flow near the surface, so it can transfer more energy to the surroundings cooling you down
56
Q

What happens when you are too cold?

A
  • Erector muscles contract, hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer of air near surface to keep you warm
  • Vascoconstriction occurs, less energy transferred to surroundings
  • You also shiver which increases your rate of respiration, which transfers more energy to warm the body
57
Q

The kidneys have 3 main roles, what are they?

A
  • Removal of urea from blood
  • Adjustment of ion levels in blood
  • Adjustment of water content of blood
58
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A

Renal vein, renal artery, ureter, kidneys, bladder, urethra.

59
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Nephrons are the filtration units in the kidneys.

60
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone.

61
Q

How is urea produced?

A

It is produced in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids.

62
Q

How does ADH keep the body hydrated?

A

It makes the collecting ducts of the nephrons more permeable so that more water is reabsorbed back into the blood.

63
Q

When the brain detects water loss what happens?

A

More ADH is released by pituitary gland.

64
Q

When the brain detects water gain what happens?

A

Less ADH is released by pituitary gland.

65
Q

What are the two options you need to know regarding treatments for kidney failure?

A

Dialysis and kidney transplant.

66
Q

What is dialysis?

A

A dialysis machine filters blood for a patient with kidney failure and removes urea.

67
Q

What is a nephron?

A

The filtration unit in the kidneys.

68
Q

What happens in each nephron?

A
  • Blood is forced out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s capsule at high pressure. Bigger molecules such as proteins and blood cells can’t pass through the membranes.
  • Substances are reabsorbed such as water, glucose and sufficient ions.
  • Whatever isn’t reabsorbed continues out of the nephron via the collecting duct. It then passes into the ureter and down to the bladder as urine which is released as urethra.

Biology (10 decks)

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