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Biology > Cells and control (2) > Flashcards

Cells and control (2) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

protects organisms from harm by responding to changes in the environment.

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2
Q

How does the nervous system work?

A

Coordinating the communication between different parts of the organism

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3
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

The brain, the spinal cord, neurones

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4
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles or glands that act in response to a change in the internal or external environment,

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5
Q

Why is the spinal cord important?

A

it, like the brain, coordinates the response of effectors to changes in the environment.

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6
Q

What do neurones (nerve cells) do?

A

carry electrical impulses between receptors, the CNS and effectors.

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7
Q

What are synapses?

A

gaps between neurones in which the nerve impulses must travel across

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8
Q

What do axons do?

A

Carry electrical impulses away from the cell body

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9
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Carry electrical impulses towards the cell body

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10
Q

What are axons covered in?

A

a layer called myelin sheath which insulates the neuron.

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11
Q

Name three reflex actions

A

Blinking, dropping hot objects, sneezing.

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12
Q

How does the nervous system respond to stimuli

A

via a reflex arc

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13
Q

What are the different parts of a reflex arc?

A

stimulus, receptor, neurones, effector

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14
Q

Whats a stimulus?

A

any change in the environment to which the body needs to respond; detected by a receptor.

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15
Q

Whats a receptpr?

A

they detect a change in the environment and initiate a signaling process all over the body which is then picked up by a neurone.

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16
Q

What are the three types of neurone?

A

sensory (carries signals via electrical impulse), relay (relays the electrical impulse from the sensory neurone to the right motor neuron), Motor (carries the electrical impulse to an effector)

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17
Q

whats a response

A

an action that helps the organism to avoid a dangerous situation.

18
Q

what is the brain

A

an organ that controls conscious and unconscious thoughts to keep an organism alive.

19
Q

what are the three main parts of the brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres (responsible for all conscious thought), Medulla oblongata (responsible for unconscious activities) and the cerebellum (responsible for muscle coordination)

20
Q

How does CT scanning work?

A

Many X-Rays are taken of the brain and a 3D image is then built. Brian tumors show as white blotches.

21
Q

How do PET scans work?

A

using radioactive glucose, the amount of glucose being used by each part of the brain can be monitored. an image of brains activity is then made from this.

22
Q

what happens if the spinal cord is cut

A

electrical impulses can no longer be sent to the brain. wires can partially re connect it, but it isn’t very effective.

23
Q

how do you treat neurone damage

A

you can’t neurone damage is permanent and irreversible. they cant be replaced unlike other cells in the body.

24
Q

what is a brain tumor?

A

lumps of dividing cancer cells, can block bloodflow to other parts of the brain

25
Q

how can brain tumors be treated?

A

chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery.

26
Q

what is the cornea

A

the frontal part of the eye that refracts light

27
Q

what is the retina

A

full of receptor cells which are sensitive to brightness and colour of light.

28
Q

what’s the sclera?

A

the white of the eye which is the opaque, protective outer layer

29
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

the thing that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

30
Q

what is the pupil

A

a hole in the centre of the iris, through which light passes to get to the retina.

31
Q

what is the iris

A

controls the pupil diameter, therefore, the quantity of light reaching the retina.

32
Q

what are the ciliary muscles

A

a ring of smooth muscles that can change the shape of the lens.

33
Q

what are the suspensory ligaments

A

a ring of fibres that connect the ciliary muscles to the lens.

34
Q

what is accommodation

A

the process in which the lens changes shape to focus on an object as the distance changes.

35
Q

what are three ways to treat eye defects

A

glasses fitted with lenses that refract light (contact lenses and laser eye surgery too), synthetic lenses (for cataracts).

36
Q

when does short sightedness happen?

A

when rays of light focus in front of the retina

37
Q

when does long sightedness happen

A

when rays of light focus behind the retina

38
Q

how is colour blindness caused?

A

it’s inherited and caused by the defects in the cone cells.

39
Q

what do cone and rod cells do

A

detect light colour and light intensity respectively

40
Q

what causes cataracts

A

build up of protein in the lens that makes the pupil cloudy.

Biology (3 decks)

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