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Biology > Cells And Cell Processes > Flashcards

Cells And Cell Processes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • all organisms are composed of cells
  • the cell is the basic ‘unit’ of life
  • cells are formed from pre-existing cells during cell division
  • energy flow occurs within cells
  • hereditary information is passed on from cell to cell when cell division occurs
  • all cells have the same basic chemical composition
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2
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls substances entering and leaving the cell

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3
Q

What supports the cell?

A

Cell wall

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4
Q

What does the chloroplast do?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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5
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls the activities of the cell

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6
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

Filled with cell sap to keep the cell keep turgid.

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7
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Where most chemical reactions take place

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8
Q

Difference between animal and plant cells

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplast and large permanent vacuole.

Animal cells don’t.

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9
Q

What is believed to be the oldest form of cell?

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

What can micro-organisms cause?

A

Diseases (pathogens) or useful things (antibiotics)

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11
Q

What does a bacterial cell contain?

A

Cytoplasm, cell membrane and cell wall

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12
Q

Is there DNA and a nucleus in a bacterial cell?

A

There is no obvious nucleus and only a strand of circular DNA

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13
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

By dividing in two to form clones

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14
Q

Who described the cell first? When?

A

Robert Hooke

1665

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15
Q

Are yeast cells larger or smaller than bacteria cells?

A

Larger

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16
Q

How do yeasts reproduce?

A

They reproduce asexually by a process names ‘budding’

17
Q

Are viruses larger is smaller than bacteria?

A

Smaller

18
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Can only reproduce in a host cell

Producing new viruses destroys the host cell as the new viruses are released, meaning they are then free to attack other cells.

19
Q

What is contained in the fungi Kingdom?

A

Mushrooms
Toadstools
Mould
Yeast

20
Q

What do Yeast cells have? (Part of cells)

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall

21
Q

What parts of the cell do algae have?

A 
Cell wall
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
And an OBVIOUS nucleus 
Chloroplasts- therefore are photosynthetic
22
Q

Reasons why viruses can be classed as living organisms:

A

They have genes

Can reproduce and infect other cells

23
Q

Reasons why viruses CANNOT be classed as living organisms:

A

They can be crystallised
Can only reproduce using the resources of a host cell
They need to be inside a host cell to survive
They do not have their own metabolism

24
Q

How does the nucleus control the cell?

A

The nucleus contains chromosomes
Chromosomes are strands of DNA
Genes are sections of DNA molecules that determine the sequence of amino acids that make up the different types of proteins produces in cells.
Some of these are enzymes which control processes.
Enzymes affect the functioning of the cell and the organisms characteristics.

25
Q

The four bases of DNA:

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

26
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Two long chains of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules connected by bases. This structure is twisted to form a double helix.

27
Q

How does DNA work? (Bases)

A

Order of bases forms a code. Every three bases form a triplet code. This code determines the order in which different amino acids are linked to form different proteins during protein synthesis

28
Q

Who is credited for the discovery of DNA?

A

Francis Crick

James Watson

29
Q

Which cell division produces 2 genetically identical cells?

A

Mitosis

30
Q

What is mitosis needed for?

A

Making new cells for growth of body
Making new cells to replace those that have been damaged
Make new cells to replace those that have worn out.

31
Q

What is the original cell called in cell division?

A

Mother cell

32
Q

How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

A

The new cells of meiosis are different from the mother cell

Meiosis only takes place in tissues which form sex cells

33
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

Four gametes are produced

Each gamete contains only one pair of chromosomes , so they only contain half the chromosome number of the original cell

34
Q

Comparison of production between meiosis and mitosis

A

Mitosis produces two daughter cells

Meiosis produces 4 gametes

35
Q

Comparison of number of chromosomes of meiosis and mitosis

A

Mitosis contain original number of chromosomes

Meiosis contains half the original number of chromosomes

36
Q

Comparison of meiosis and mitosis to mother cell

A

Mitosis- genetically identical to mother cell

Meiosis- genetically different to mother cell

37
Q

What do tissues and organs form when they start to develop?

A

They form specialised cells

Biology (7 decks)

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