Cells and cell culture - basics Flashcards
What is cell culture?
Techniques the involves the isolation and maintenance in vitro of cells
Where are the two sources were cells isolated from?
Tissues
Whole organs
Which species of cells are used in cell culture?
Animals
Microbes
Plants
Why is it important to grow cells under controlled conditions?
Every time you do the same experiment you obtain the same results
What are requirements of cells culture?
Requires a sterile pure culture of cells
Adopts aseptic techniques
What can cell cultures be used to study?
Basic cell biology
Protein synthesis
Signal transduction mechanisms
Cell-cell interactions
Celll-disease interactions
Aging and nutrition
Effects of drugs on cells
Gene therapy
What are techniques of good cell culture?
Characterization and maintenance of essential characteristics
Quality assurance
Recording
Reporting
Safety
Education and training
Ethics
What are the types of cells used in cell culture?
Primary cells
Cell lines
Primary cells retain the characteristics and reflect the true activity of the cell type in vivo
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Primary cell cultures retain a differentiated phenotype in culture
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
All primary cells are anchorage dependent
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Primary cells are mainly anchorage dependent
Blood derived cells are anchorage independent
What is contact inhibition of primary cells?
When two cells come into contact they are signalled to stop proliferating
What are the disadvatages of using primary cells for cell culture?
Isolation is labour intensive
May produce a heterogeneous population from the sample obtained
Cells have a limited lifespan
What can be done to remove the disadvantage of having a heterogeneous primary cell population?
Different cells may contaminate the sample
Characterisation is necessary
This will allow you to isolate the cell type you want to study
Why do primary cells have a limited lifaspan?
Genetic programme is still in place
Leads to limited culture period
Describe the technique used to isolate primary cells
Excise the terminally differentiated cells from a well-identified tissue
Culture the cells
What tissue is used to obtain the primary cells?
Normal healthy tissue
Tumour tissue
What techniques are used to culture primary cells?
As explant
Into single cell suspension following dissociation from ECM by enzyme digestion or gradient centrifugation
What are the advantages of primary cells?
Retain many native cellular functions in vitro
Cells retain normal morphology, cellular function, growth characteristics, cellular markers, signalling and genetic integrity when propagated in culture
Have varied donor characteristics
Why is having donor-to-donor variability in primary cells an advantage?
Makes the results of the study conducted on primary cells reflective of the whole population
Why has using primary cells become more popular?
Some cases are mandated to use primary cells in order to receive data approval
More reliable cell culture tool
What is fibrosis?
Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ
Marked by quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of hepatic ECM
What happens when stellate cells become activated?
Produce a massive amount of ECM
What are characteristics of activated stellate cells?
Highly proliferative
Highly contractile
Highly motile
What causes the stellate cells to become activated?
Autocrine loops:
- PDGF
- TGF-b
- ET-1
Describe the steps of obtaining hepatic stellate cells from liver tissue
Liver is digested using enzymes
Capture all the cells
Centrifuge the sample
The cells have different viscocities and produce a gradient
Obtain the HSC from the centrifuged sample
What are safety precautions one must consider when handling biomaterial?
May contain pathogenic agents that use humans as hosts
What are safety precautions must the operator follow when working in a lab?
Wear PPE:
- gloves
- laboratory coat
Refrain from eating or drinking
Were are cell lines derived from?
Primary cells
What characteristic must primary cells have to become cell lines?
Immortal