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A-level bio > Cells And Bio Mols > Flashcards

Cells And Bio Mols Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

Control all activites

Nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores

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2
Q

Mitochondria

A 
Aerobic respiration(produce ATP) 
Inner/ outer membrane, cristae, matrix
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3
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

2 membranes, grana, lamellae, stroma

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4
Q

Golgi

A

Process and package new lipids and proteins

Make lysosomes

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5
Q

Lysosomes

A 
Contain lyzozymes ( digestive enzymes)
Digest invading snd old cells
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6
Q

Ribosomes eukaryotic

A

Protein synthesis

80S

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7
Q

Rough ER

A

Fold and process proteins made in ribosomes

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8
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesise and process lipids

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9
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose for cell support

chitin in fungi

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

Maintain pressure and shape

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11
Q

Golfi vesicles

A

Store/ transport lipids and proteins out of cell

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12
Q

Cell structure prokaryotes

A

No membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm
70S ribosomes
No nucleus, circular DNA mol in cytoplasm
Cell wall- murein
Plasmids
Flagella
Capsule

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13
Q

Virus particle structure

A

Grnetic material, capsid, attachment protein

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14
Q

Types of microscope

A

Optical- light
SEM- 3D image
TEM- inside-higher resolution

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15
Q

Magnification vs resolution

A

Magnification is size

Resolution is distance to distinguish objects

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16
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Homogenisation- cold isotonic buffered
Filtration-remove whole+ connective
Ultracentrifugation-supernatant and pellet

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17
Q

Cell replication

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase-cytokinesis
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18
Q

Controlled vs uncontrolled cell growth

A

Controlled- mitosis

Uncontrolled- tumor and cancer formation

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19
Q

Prokaryotic cell dividion

A

Binary fission
Circular DNA-plasmids replicate
Cytoplasm divide into daughter cells

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20
Q

Viral cell division

A

Inject nucleic acid,

infected host replicate virus particles

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21
Q

Osmosis

A

High water potential to low water potential

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22
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Small, non polar molecules

High to low concentration

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23
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Involves carrier and channel proteins

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24
Q

Active transport

A

Carrier proteins+ATP hydrolysis

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25
Q

Co transport

A

Absorbtion of sodium ions and glucose in ileum

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26
Q

FM model

A

Fluid- phospholipids move

Mosaic- dotted w proteins

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27
Q

How cells csn be adapted for transport

A

Large SA
More protein channeks
Increase cartier molecules

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28
Q

Things in FM

A

Phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins

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29
Q

Antigen

A

Molecule that can generate an immune response when detected by the body

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30
Q

Antigens allow body to detect

A

Pathogens
Cells from other organisms of the same species
Abnormal body cells ( cancer )
Toxins

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31
Q

Antigenic variaton

A

Antigen on surface is always changing so pathogen can avoid immune response so reduce vaccine effectiveness

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32
Q

Phagocytosis

A 
Attach to pathogen w receptors
Engulf pathogen and trap in phagosome
Lysosome fuse w phagosome-lutic enzymes break down 
Cytoplasm absorb products+exocytosis
Antigen presented on phagosome surface
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33
Q

T-lymphocytes

A 
Bind to anigen w complementary receptor protein:
Cytotoxic T cella
Stimulated phagocytes
Develop into memory cells that circulate
-activate B cells
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34
Q

B cell response

A 
Antigen in blood 
A B cell has complementary antibodies
Antigen and b cell bind 
Antigen taken into cell
B cell activates
Mitosis to clone plasma cell
Secrete specific antibodies and memory cells
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35
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Produced by plasma cell and have one antigen

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36
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins produced by lymphocytes in the presence of a specific unusually high foreign antigen

37
Q

Agglutination

A

2 or more binding sites

Clumping of small particles

38
Q

Antibody structure

A

Heavy and light chain
Disulfide bridges
Antigen binding site

39
Q

Primary antibody response

A

1st time

New antibodies and plasma cells produced

40
Q

Secondary response

A

2nd contact w foreign antigen

Faster as memory cells

41
Q

Active immunity

A

Naturally catch disease

Eg lymphocytes

42
Q

Passive immunity

A

Mimic natural response

Eg vaccines

43
Q

Herd immunity

A

Less likely to catch it

Reduces occurence

44
Q

HIV effect

A

Takes control of helper T cellthen more HIV particles are produced
Helper T cell dies then thousands more virus particles are released

45
Q

Hiv replication

A

Attachment protein binds to helper T cell receptor
Capsid released into cell, RNA released into cytoplasm
Reverse transcriptase-complementary dna strand
Dna made and inserted into human dna
Host enzymes make viral proteins from dna
Proteins assemble into others- burst+infect

46
Q

AIDS

A

Helper T cells at critically low level

47
Q

Vaccine issues

A

Ethical-hesitancy, objection, strains, catch too soon after vax

48
Q

Antiviral drugs

A

Target virus specific enzymes, slow the progression of disease

49
Q

ELISA test

A 
Antigen from sample bound to well plate 
Complementary detection antibidy added
If present will bind
Washed out to remove unbound antibody
Substrate solution added
Colour change if anyibody present enzyme reacts
50
Q

Rate of increase/ decrease

A

Change in y

Change in x. X100

51
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharides form

Glycosidic bond

52
Q

Lipids

A

Triglycerudes and phospholipids form

Ester bond

53
Q

Proteins

A

Amino acids form

Dipeptide bond between amine and carboxyl

54
Q

DNA

A

Nucleotides form
Phosphodiester bonds between phosphate backbone
C-OOCR

55
Q

Monomers

A

The smaller units from which larger molecules ate made

56
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made from a large number if monomers joined together

57
Q

Monomers include

A

Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Nucleotides

58
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Joins 2 mols together w formation if chemical bond and liss of water molecules

59
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breajs chemical bond between teo molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

60
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers that form larger carbs w glycosidic bond

Glucose, galactose, fructose

61
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose-g and g
Sucrose- g and f
Lactose- g and gal

62
Q

Glucose isomers

A

Alpha beta

63
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen and starch- alpha

Cellulose-beta

64
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage in muscle and liver of animals in small granules

Insoluble, compact, doesnt diffuse out if cells, v branched for respiration

65
Q

Starch

A

Energy store in plants w amylose/amylopectin form granules in plant cells
Insoluble, doesnt change water potential, large, branched, compact a helix

66
Q

Cellulose

A

Microfibrils form fibres in plant cell walls with H bonds

Form strong rigid fibres, collective strength, not broken by amylase

67
Q

Sugar food tests

A

Reducing sugars- benedicts, heat

Non reducing sugars- hydrochloric acid, heat, cool, sodium hydrogen carbonate, benedicts

68
Q

Types of lipids

A

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

69
Q

Triglyceride

A

1glycerol, 3 fatty acids

Low mass to energy ratio,insoluble in water,high h to o ratio so release water

70
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group

Used in cell membranes

71
Q

Fatty acid R can be

A

Saturated-no doubke bond

Un saturated-double bond

72
Q

Lipid test

A

Ethanol , shake

If white emulsion-lipid present

73
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomers from which proteins are made

74
Q

Di/poly peptides

A

2/many aa chain

75
Q

Amino acid structures

A

Primary- amino acid sequence
Secondary- a helix, b pleated sheets
Tertiary- h bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges between cystine
Quaternary- 2 or more tertiary structures

76
Q

Protein test

A

Solution, biuret reagent, observe for purple or violet

77
Q

Enzyme

A

Lowers the activation energy if the reaction it catalyses

78
Q

Enzymes properties

A

Induced fit model
Properties telate to tertiary structure
Factors affecting activity:
Substrate conc, inhibitor conc, enzyme conc, pH, temp

79
Q

Enzyme inhibitors

A

Competitive-enter and block active site

Non competitive- bind at allosteric site, indirectly change shape

80
Q

Digestion

A 
Amylase;maltase, lactase, sucrase
Endopeptidases to exopeptidases
Dipeptidases
Co transport
Emulsification-bile micelles on fat drops so cant stick
81
Q

DNA structure

A 
Nucleotides:
Deoxyribose,nucleitide, organic bases:
     Guanine,cytosine=3 H bonds
     Adenine, thymine=2 H bonds
Tymine is uracil in RNA
82
Q

DNA and RNA uses

A

DNA-store genetic info

RNA-transfer genetic info from DNA to ribosomes

83
Q

DNA and RNA structures

A

DNA-double helix, polynucleotide chains hekd w H bonds between bases
RNA-relatively short polynucleotide chain

84
Q

Semi conservative method

A

DNA helicase
Double helix unwinds
H bonds between bases in polynucleotide strands break
Attraction of new nucleotides ti exposed bases
DNA polymerase- condensation reaction join nucleotides

85
Q

ATP

A

Ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups

86
Q

ATP reactions

A

ATP+water=ADP+Pi

ADP+Pi=ATP+

87
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Pi rekaased in ATP hydrolysus can make compounds nore reactive

88
Q

Properties of water

A

Solvent reactions occur in
Hight specific heat capacity-amount if energy required to raise 1g by 1degree
High latent heat capacity
Strong strong cohesion between mols

89
Q

Inorganic ions

A

H ions-pH
Iron ions-haemoglobin
Sodium ions-co transport if glucose and amino acids
Phosphate ions-DNA and ATP components

A-level bio (5 decks)

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