Cells And Bio Mols Flashcards
1
Q
Nucleus
A
Control all activites
Nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores
2
Q
Mitochondria
A
Aerobic respiration(produce ATP) Inner/ outer membrane, cristae, matrix
3
Q
Chloroplasts
A
Site of photosynthesis
2 membranes, grana, lamellae, stroma
4
Q
Golgi
A
Process and package new lipids and proteins
Make lysosomes
5
Q
Lysosomes
A
Contain lyzozymes ( digestive enzymes) Digest invading snd old cells
6
Q
Ribosomes eukaryotic
A
Protein synthesis
80S
7
Q
Rough ER
A
Fold and process proteins made in ribosomes
8
Q
Smooth ER
A
Synthesise and process lipids
9
Q
Cell wall
A
Made of cellulose for cell support
chitin in fungi
10
Q
Vacuole
A
Maintain pressure and shape
11
Q
Golfi vesicles
A
Store/ transport lipids and proteins out of cell
12
Q
Cell structure prokaryotes
A
No membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm
70S ribosomes
No nucleus, circular DNA mol in cytoplasm
Cell wall- murein
Plasmids
Flagella
Capsule
13
Q
Virus particle structure
A
Grnetic material, capsid, attachment protein
14
Q
Types of microscope
A
Optical- light
SEM- 3D image
TEM- inside-higher resolution
15
Q
Magnification vs resolution
A
Magnification is size
Resolution is distance to distinguish objects
16
Q
Cell fractionation
A
Homogenisation- cold isotonic buffered
Filtration-remove whole+ connective
Ultracentrifugation-supernatant and pellet
17
Q
Cell replication
A
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase-cytokinesis
18
Q
Controlled vs uncontrolled cell growth
A
Controlled- mitosis
Uncontrolled- tumor and cancer formation
19
Q
Prokaryotic cell dividion
A
Binary fission
Circular DNA-plasmids replicate
Cytoplasm divide into daughter cells
20
Q
Viral cell division
A
Inject nucleic acid,
infected host replicate virus particles
21
Q
Osmosis
A
High water potential to low water potential
22
Q
Simple diffusion
A
Small, non polar molecules
High to low concentration
23
Q
Facilitated diffusion
A
Involves carrier and channel proteins
24
Q
Active transport
A
Carrier proteins+ATP hydrolysis
25
Co transport
Absorbtion of sodium ions and glucose in ileum
26
FM model
Fluid- phospholipids move
| Mosaic- dotted w proteins
27
How cells csn be adapted for transport
Large SA
More protein channeks
Increase cartier molecules
28
Things in FM
Phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins
29
Antigen
Molecule that can generate an immune response when detected by the body
30
Antigens allow body to detect
Pathogens
Cells from other organisms of the same species
Abnormal body cells ( cancer )
Toxins
31
Antigenic variaton
Antigen on surface is always changing so pathogen can avoid immune response so reduce vaccine effectiveness
32
Phagocytosis
```
Attach to pathogen w receptors
Engulf pathogen and trap in phagosome
Lysosome fuse w phagosome-lutic enzymes break down
Cytoplasm absorb products+exocytosis
Antigen presented on phagosome surface
```
33
T-lymphocytes
```
Bind to anigen w complementary receptor protein:
Cytotoxic T cella
Stimulated phagocytes
Develop into memory cells that circulate
-activate B cells
```
34
B cell response
```
Antigen in blood
A B cell has complementary antibodies
Antigen and b cell bind
Antigen taken into cell
B cell activates
Mitosis to clone plasma cell
Secrete specific antibodies and memory cells
```
35
Monoclonal antibodies
Produced by plasma cell and have one antigen
36
Antibody
Proteins produced by lymphocytes in the presence of a specific unusually high foreign antigen
37
Agglutination
2 or more binding sites
| Clumping of small particles
38
Antibody structure
Heavy and light chain
Disulfide bridges
Antigen binding site
39
Primary antibody response
1st time
| New antibodies and plasma cells produced
40
Secondary response
2nd contact w foreign antigen
| Faster as memory cells
41
Active immunity
Naturally catch disease
| Eg lymphocytes
42
Passive immunity
Mimic natural response
| Eg vaccines
43
Herd immunity
Less likely to catch it
| Reduces occurence
44
HIV effect
Takes control of helper T cellthen more HIV particles are produced
Helper T cell dies then thousands more virus particles are released
45
Hiv replication
Attachment protein binds to helper T cell receptor
Capsid released into cell, RNA released into cytoplasm
Reverse transcriptase-complementary dna strand
Dna made and inserted into human dna
Host enzymes make viral proteins from dna
Proteins assemble into others- burst+infect
46
AIDS
Helper T cells at critically low level
47
Vaccine issues
Ethical-hesitancy, objection, strains, catch too soon after vax
48
Antiviral drugs
Target virus specific enzymes, slow the progression of disease
49
ELISA test
```
Antigen from sample bound to well plate
Complementary detection antibidy added
If present will bind
Washed out to remove unbound antibody
Substrate solution added
Colour change if anyibody present enzyme reacts
```
50
Rate of increase/ decrease
Change in y
| Change in x. X100
51
Glucose
Monosaccharides form
| Glycosidic bond
52
Lipids
Triglycerudes and phospholipids form
| Ester bond
53
Proteins
Amino acids form
| Dipeptide bond between amine and carboxyl
54
DNA
Nucleotides form
Phosphodiester bonds between phosphate backbone
C-OOCR
55
Monomers
The smaller units from which larger molecules ate made
56
Polymers
Molecules made from a large number if monomers joined together
57
Monomers include
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Nucleotides
58
Condensation reaction
Joins 2 mols together w formation if chemical bond and liss of water molecules
59
Hydrolysis reaction
Breajs chemical bond between teo molecules and involves the use of a water molecule
60
Monosaccharides
Monomers that form larger carbs w glycosidic bond
| Glucose, galactose, fructose
61
Disaccharides
Maltose-g and g
Sucrose- g and f
Lactose- g and gal
62
Glucose isomers
Alpha beta
63
Polysaccharides
Glycogen and starch- alpha
| Cellulose-beta
64
Glycogen
Storage in muscle and liver of animals in small granules
| Insoluble, compact, doesnt diffuse out if cells, v branched for respiration
65
Starch
Energy store in plants w amylose/amylopectin form granules in plant cells
Insoluble, doesnt change water potential, large, branched, compact a helix
66
Cellulose
Microfibrils form fibres in plant cell walls with H bonds
| Form strong rigid fibres, collective strength, not broken by amylase
67
Sugar food tests
Reducing sugars- benedicts, heat
| Non reducing sugars- hydrochloric acid, heat, cool, sodium hydrogen carbonate, benedicts
68
Types of lipids
Triglycerides
| Phospholipids
69
Triglyceride
1glycerol, 3 fatty acids
| Low mass to energy ratio,insoluble in water,high h to o ratio so release water
70
Phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group
| Used in cell membranes
71
Fatty acid R can be
Saturated-no doubke bond
| Un saturated-double bond
72
Lipid test
Ethanol , shake
| If white emulsion-lipid present
73
Amino acids
Monomers from which proteins are made
74
Di/poly peptides
2/many aa chain
75
Amino acid structures
Primary- amino acid sequence
Secondary- a helix, b pleated sheets
Tertiary- h bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges between cystine
Quaternary- 2 or more tertiary structures
76
Protein test
Solution, biuret reagent, observe for purple or violet
77
Enzyme
Lowers the activation energy if the reaction it catalyses
78
Enzymes properties
Induced fit model
Properties telate to tertiary structure
Factors affecting activity:
Substrate conc, inhibitor conc, enzyme conc, pH, temp
79
Enzyme inhibitors
Competitive-enter and block active site
| Non competitive- bind at allosteric site, indirectly change shape
80
Digestion
```
Amylase;maltase, lactase, sucrase
Endopeptidases to exopeptidases
Dipeptidases
Co transport
Emulsification-bile micelles on fat drops so cant stick
```
81
DNA structure
```
Nucleotides:
Deoxyribose,nucleitide, organic bases:
Guanine,cytosine=3 H bonds
Adenine, thymine=2 H bonds
Tymine is uracil in RNA
```
82
DNA and RNA uses
DNA-store genetic info
| RNA-transfer genetic info from DNA to ribosomes
83
DNA and RNA structures
DNA-double helix, polynucleotide chains hekd w H bonds between bases
RNA-relatively short polynucleotide chain
84
Semi conservative method
DNA helicase
Double helix unwinds
H bonds between bases in polynucleotide strands break
Attraction of new nucleotides ti exposed bases
DNA polymerase- condensation reaction join nucleotides
85
ATP
Ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups
86
ATP reactions
ATP+water=ADP+Pi
| ADP+Pi=ATP+
87
Phosphorylation
Pi rekaased in ATP hydrolysus can make compounds nore reactive
88
Properties of water
Solvent reactions occur in
Hight specific heat capacity-amount if energy required to raise 1g by 1degree
High latent heat capacity
Strong strong cohesion between mols
89
Inorganic ions
H ions-pH
Iron ions-haemoglobin
Sodium ions-co transport if glucose and amino acids
Phosphate ions-DNA and ATP components
