Cells Flashcards by porter hacking

Nucleus

Double membrane
Dna 
Núcleolus 
Replication 
Transcripción 
Pore complexes

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Núcleolus

Ribosome synthesis
Membrane protein synthesis
Dark spot

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Rough ER

Translation
Export protein synthesis
Connected to the nuclear envelope

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Smooth ER

Phospholipid synthesis
Calcium storage
Detoxification

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Golgi apparatus

Múltiple cisternae
Shipping and receiving
Oligosacharide processing
Exocitosis

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Lysosome

Low ph
Endócitosis
Acid hydrolysis
Digestión

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Ribosome

Translation
Two sub units
RNA
2 subunits

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Plasma membrane

Outer cell membrane
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

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Vacuoles

Unique to plant cell
Up to 80% cell volume
Pigment storage
Hydraulic press

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Mitochondria

Outer membrane 
Inner membrane 
Intermembrane space 
Matrix
Electron transport chain 
Citric acid / kreb’s cycle 
Ring DNA
Cristae

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Chloroplasts

Outermembrane inner membrane thylakoid membrane 
Intermembrane space 
Stroma 
Chloroplast ring like dna 
Thylakoid space 
Photosystems
Grana 
Calvin cycle

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Micro tubules

Subunit tubulin
13 strands
Pipe

Rigid 
In elastic 
Dynamic 
Directional                                           Kinesin plus dr
                                                              Dynein minus dr 
Centro some 
Cillia flagela 
Spindle apparatus

Resist compresión 
Organelle movement 
Cell motility
Cell division 
Hollow tube for compression strength

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Actin filament

Flexible
Inelastic
Dynamic
Directional

Muscle 
Microvilli 
Contractile bundle 
Lámellopodia 
Cell cortex

Resist tension
Cell motility

Sub unit : g-actin
2 strands helix
A rope

Myosin (plus end)

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Intermediate filaments

Subunit : keratin and others
32 strands
A cable

Flexible
Elastic
Not dynamic
Not directional

Most important in maintaining cellular integrity
Nuclear lamina
Desmosomes
Hair skin horns claws

Resist tension forces
Ties two or more cells together

Not directional / most stable

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Cell membrane 
 Common movements 
Fatty acid chain variation affect fluidity?
Inner v outer membrane 
Integral v peripheral proteins

Found in all living cells
Lateral and rotational
Fatty acids may unsaturated creating more space causing them to bel less fluid
Inner membrane and outer membrane are made up of different phospholipids and different enzymes

Alpha helix is protein structure that commonly spans hydrophobic core

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Vesicles

Help move material such as protein and other molecules from one part of the cell to another

Peroxisome

Lipid recycling

Peroxides

Centrosome

Microtubule organizing center made of centrioles

Plasma membrane vs cell wall

Cell wall rigid structure surrounding the prokaryote

Function maintain shape protect cell percent bursting

Gram +

Gram -

Capsule / slime layer

A dense secretion of polysaccharides or proteins that form an outer coating to the cell wall allows cells to adhere to surfaces and prevent dehydration
Less dense secretions are called slime layers

Prokaryotes

No nucleus 
Contain a nucleoid which contains 1 circular dsDNA chromosome with essential genes 1-10 Thousand bp
Lack membrane bound organelles 
 16s RNA
Replicate via binary fission

Plasmids

Small circular DNA

Non essential Genes

Archaea

Extremophiles | High salt / high pressure / temperature etc ...

Fimbriae

Protein based hair like structures used to adhere to surfaces shorter and more numerous then pili

Sex pili

It’s exactly what you think it is

Flagellum

Whip like tail structure attached to protien motor on cell membrane NOT related to eukaryotic flagella

Reproduction and adaptation of bacteria

Very high reproduction rates (like bunnies) double every 1-3 hours Endospore formation - some prokaryotes can form a desiccated core with a tough multilayered shell. Can survive difficult environmental conditions

Mutation

This is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Caused when DNA strand is changed Allows bacteria to die off and grow back quickly

Transformation

Gum on the street NYC buddy the elf | Intake of DNA from the environment for survival! Useful for biotechnology

Transduction

Genetic recombination mediated by phage infections

Conjugations

Cellular rape Using pili two bacteria share plasmids Dominant bacteria must carry the f factor

Genome

dsDNA - herpes, hpv, chicken pox ssDNA - uncommon dsRNA - uncommon ssRNA- most ambulant, the cold, COVID, Ebola, influenza, HIV

Size of phage v bacteria

Phage 4 to several 100 genes | Bacteria 300 to 1000 genes

Capsid

Protein coat Made from one or a few different proteins Made up of campsomeres Package and protect genome material Helical capsid - rod shape hollow tube Icosahedral capsid - is well like a ball ish Complex capsid - everything else

Viral envelope

Disguise Lipid by layer that wraps around one or more capsid Additional protection Allow virus to exit cell without cell lysis Cell recognition surface, contains glycoproteins that bind to cell receptors HIV Ebola Corona Accessories like reverse transcriptase which changes RNA into DNA

Lytic cycle

Virulent Attachment - virus attaches to host pm using spike proteins Entry- viral genome passes through the host plasma membrane and enters cytosol Synthesis - ribosomes and polymers from host make new viral parts using virus genome as template Assembly - viral parts are assembled into a full virus package Release- leaves the cell by either cell lysis or budding

Lysogenic cycle

Temperate 1 - attachment 2- entry 3- integration - viral genome combines with host genome where it lies dormant until activated. Known as a prophage 4 - environmental cues such as light trigger prophage 5 - synthesis 6- assembly 7 - release