Cells Flashcards
Nucleus
Double membrane Dna Núcleolus Replication Transcripción Pore complexes
Núcleolus
Ribosome synthesis
Membrane protein synthesis
Dark spot
Rough ER
Translation
Export protein synthesis
Connected to the nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Phospholipid synthesis
Calcium storage
Detoxification
Golgi apparatus
Múltiple cisternae
Shipping and receiving
Oligosacharide processing
Exocitosis
Lysosome
Low ph
Endócitosis
Acid hydrolysis
Digestión
Ribosome
Translation
Two sub units
RNA
2 subunits
Plasma membrane
Outer cell membrane
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Vacuoles
Unique to plant cell
Up to 80% cell volume
Pigment storage
Hydraulic press
Mitochondria
Outer membrane Inner membrane Intermembrane space Matrix Electron transport chain Citric acid / kreb’s cycle Ring DNA Cristae
Chloroplasts
Outermembrane inner membrane thylakoid membrane Intermembrane space Stroma Chloroplast ring like dna Thylakoid space Photosystems Grana Calvin cycle
Micro tubules
Subunit tubulin
13 strands
Pipe
Rigid
In elastic
Dynamic
Directional Kinesin plus dr
Dynein minus dr
Centro some
Cillia flagela
Spindle apparatus
Resist compresión Organelle movement Cell motility Cell division Hollow tube for compression strength
Actin filament
Flexible
Inelastic
Dynamic
Directional
Muscle Microvilli Contractile bundle Lámellopodia Cell cortex
Resist tension
Cell motility
Sub unit : g-actin
2 strands helix
A rope
Myosin (plus end)
Intermediate filaments
Subunit : keratin and others
32 strands
A cable
Flexible
Elastic
Not dynamic
Not directional
Most important in maintaining cellular integrity
Nuclear lamina
Desmosomes
Hair skin horns claws
Resist tension forces
Ties two or more cells together
Not directional / most stable
Cell membrane Common movements Fatty acid chain variation affect fluidity? Inner v outer membrane Integral v peripheral proteins
Found in all living cells
Lateral and rotational
Fatty acids may unsaturated creating more space causing them to bel less fluid
Inner membrane and outer membrane are made up of different phospholipids and different enzymes
Alpha helix is protein structure that commonly spans hydrophobic core
Vesicles
Help move material such as protein and other molecules from one part of the cell to another
Peroxisome
Lipid recycling
Peroxides
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center made of centrioles
Plasma membrane vs cell wall
Cell wall rigid structure surrounding the prokaryote
Function maintain shape protect cell percent bursting
Gram +
A
Gram -
A
Capsule / slime layer
A dense secretion of polysaccharides or proteins that form an outer coating to the cell wall allows cells to adhere to surfaces and prevent dehydration
Less dense secretions are called slime layers
Prokaryotes
No nucleus Contain a nucleoid which contains 1 circular dsDNA chromosome with essential genes 1-10 Thousand bp Lack membrane bound organelles 16s RNA Replicate via binary fission
Plasmids
Small circular DNA
Non essential Genes
Archaea
Extremophiles
High salt / high pressure / temperature etc …
Fimbriae
Protein based hair like structures used to adhere to surfaces shorter and more numerous then pili
Sex pili
It’s exactly what you think it is
Flagellum
Whip like tail structure attached to protien motor on cell membrane
NOT related to eukaryotic flagella
Reproduction and adaptation of bacteria
Very high reproduction rates (like bunnies) double every 1-3 hours
Endospore formation - some prokaryotes can form a desiccated core with a tough multilayered shell.
Can survive difficult environmental conditions
Mutation
This is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Caused when DNA strand is changed
Allows bacteria to die off and grow back quickly
Transformation
Gum on the street NYC buddy the elf
Intake of DNA from the environment for survival! Useful for biotechnology
Transduction
Genetic recombination mediated by phage infections
Conjugations
Cellular rape
Using pili two bacteria share plasmids
Dominant bacteria must carry the f factor
Genome
dsDNA - herpes, hpv, chicken pox
ssDNA - uncommon
dsRNA - uncommon
ssRNA- most ambulant, the cold, COVID, Ebola, influenza, HIV
Size of phage v bacteria
Phage 4 to several 100 genes
Bacteria 300 to 1000 genes
Capsid
Protein coat Made from one or a few different proteins
Made up of campsomeres
Package and protect genome material
Helical capsid - rod shape hollow tube
Icosahedral capsid - is well like a ball ish
Complex capsid - everything else
Viral envelope
Disguise
Lipid by layer that wraps around one or more capsid
Additional protection
Allow virus to exit cell without cell lysis
Cell recognition surface, contains glycoproteins that bind to cell receptors
HIV Ebola Corona
Accessories like reverse transcriptase which changes RNA into DNA
Lytic cycle
Virulent
Attachment - virus attaches to host pm using spike proteins
Entry- viral genome passes through the host plasma membrane and enters cytosol
Synthesis - ribosomes and polymers from host make new viral parts using virus genome as template
Assembly - viral parts are assembled into a full virus package
Release- leaves the cell by either cell lysis or budding
Lysogenic cycle
Temperate
1 - attachment
2- entry
3- integration - viral genome combines with host genome where it lies dormant until activated. Known as a prophage
4 - environmental cues such as light trigger prophage
5 - synthesis
6- assembly
7 - release
