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Bio180 > Cell Signal / Functions / Vomit > Flashcards

Cell Signal / Functions / Vomit Flashcards

1
Q

Semi-permeable

Permeable extreme

A

Small

Non polar

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2
Q

Essentially impermeable

Essentially permeable

A

Impermeable
DNA amino acids
Proteins atp po4 NA CL K

Limited

Gluecose
Estrogen h2o

Permeable

O2 co2

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3
Q

Which direction ?

25mM 5mM

A

—————>

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4
Q

Membrane potential

A

Separation of charges of inside and outside the cell

Inside is negative

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5
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Combination of Electrical and chemical gradient !

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6
Q

Osmolarity

A

Movement of water across the membrane

More water to less water

More solute = less water

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7
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Purpose cell eating bacteria viruses larger particle

Forms at plasma mem

Fuses with lysosome

Mechanism extrusion/ outward push pseudopodium

Size food vacuole

Structural protein (Actin cytoskeleton)

Receptors Regulated

Rare white blood cells yeast and fungi

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8
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking
Sample ecf proteins polysaccharides

Forms at plasma mem

Fuses with lysosome

Mechanism invagination (inward pull) vesicle bud

Clathrin

Unregulated constitutive

Common

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9
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Harvest specific cargo
Ex Fe or cholesterol

Forms at plasma membrane
Fuses with lysosome
Mechanism invagination

Size vesicle

Clathrin

Receptor regulated

Common

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10
Q

Exocytosis

A

Export secretion
Ex insulin acetylcholine

Forms at golgibody

Fuses with plasma membrane

Invagination

Size vesicle

Clathrin

Secretory (regulated )
Constitutive

Common

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11
Q

G protein couple receptor

🎢

A 
Transmembrane domains  7 
Located plasma mem 
Activation mechanisms signal bounding and conformational shifts 
Activation result separated a unit 
Deactivation mechanism hydrolysis GTP to GDP 
Nucleotide involved GTP
Key terms alpha beta gamma
Gprotien 
GTP hydrolysis 
Gloop
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12
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptor

👯‍♀️

A

Transmembrane domains 1
Location plasma mem
Activate dymerazation cross phosphorylation

Activated result phosporelated tyrosine

Deactivation phosphotases

Nucleotide atp

Keyterms auto cross phosphorylation

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13
Q

Ligand gated channel receptor

🍻

A 
Trans membrane domains 16-24
Location plasma mem 
Activation mechanism signal binding and conformation shift 
Activation result ion flow 
Deactivated ion pumps remove ion 
Nucleotide none
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14
Q

Itracellular
Receptor

🧬

A

Location cytosol
Activation signal binding / confirmation shift

Result receptor enters into nucleus
Deactivation export from nucleus
Nucleotide none

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15
Q

Ligand gated ion channel receptors

🍻🛤

A
  1. Ligand binds ion channel
  2. Confirmation shift to open channel
  3. Ca 2+ enter cell
  4. Ligand dissociates from channel
  5. Confirmation shift to closed channel
    6 ca 2+ is pumped out of the cell

Effect

Increased Ca 2+

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16
Q

G protein coupled receptors

🎢🛤

A
  1. Ligand binds to receptor
  2. Receptor undergoes conformational shift exposing g loop
  3. Alpha subunit binds to g loop
  4. GDP leaves alpha sub unit
  5. New GTP binds to alpha subunit
  6. GTP causes confirmation shift in gprotien sub units
    7 . Beta gama kicked of alpha
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17
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptors

🛤👯‍♂️

A

1a. Ligand binds to receptor
1b. Dimerzation occurs when ligand binds to 2nd receptor
2. Cross phosphorylation of tyrosine domains by opposite kinase
3. Phosphorylated tyrosine recruits effector protein

  1. Signal terminated by removal of phosphate using phosphatase
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18
Q

Intracellular receptors

🧬🛤

A
  1. Nonpolar ligand crosses membrane and binds to intracellular receptor
  2. Ligand causes confirmational shift that exposes nuclear localization signal
  3. Receptor is allowed entry into nucleus
  4. Receptor binds to dna and recruits polymerase
  5. Transcription occurs
  6. Ligand leaves receptor and receptor returns to the cytosol
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19
Q

cAMP ⛺️

A 
Source ATP 
Messenger cAMP
Breakdown AMP 
Maker adenylyl Cyclase 
Target protein kinase A 
Breaker  phosphodiesterase
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20
Q

IP3 pathway 💉💊🚬

A

Source pip2 phosphotidyl inositol si phosphate

Messenger IP3

Breakdown inositol
Dephosphor

Maker phospho lipase c
Target IP3 gated calcium channels 🥛

Breaker phosphatase

21
Q

Ca pathway

🥛

A

Source ca2+ in smooth er

Messenger ca2+ in cytosol

Breakdown ca2+ in smooth er

Maker IP3 gated calcium channels

Target protein kinase c

Breaker is the serca pump

22
Q

cAMP transduction model

⛺️🛤

A
  1. Adenylyl cyclase is activated by a subunit of GTP usually
  2. Adenylyl cyclase binds to atp
    3 converts ATP into CAMP
    4 cAMP associates with the PKA
  3. Confirmation shift by the PKA to its active form
    6 PKA carries the signal to the next module
    7 cAMP releases from the PKA
    8 cAMP is broken down to AMP by phosphodiesterase
    9 w/o cAMP PKA is deactivated
    10 amp travels to the mitochondria to become ATP
23
Q

IP3 transduction model

🛤🚬💉💊

A
  1. Phospholipase c activated by receptor ( G protein or tyrosine kinase )
  2. Pip2 enters phopholipase c
  3. Pip2 is cleaved into IP3 and the DAG
  4. IP3 binds to closed ca2+ channel
    5 channel opens
    6 IP3 disassociates from the channel
    7 channel closes
    8 IP3 is broken down by phosphotases
24
Q

Ca2+ transduction module

🥛🛤

A
  1. Ca2+ exits the SER through open channel
  2. CA2+ and DAG bind to the PKC
  3. PKC becomes Active
    4 The Active PKC passes signal to the next step
    5 calcium leaves the PKC
    6 calcium is pumped back into the smooth ER via the SERCA pump
  4. PKA without. Ca 2+ is no longer activated
25
Q

Mitosis

A 
Somatic cells 
Growth repair single cell reproduction 
# of divisions 1 
# of cells produced 2 
Outcome 2 diploid clones
26
Q

Meiosis

A 
Reproductive cells / gametes 
Sexual reproduction and increase diversity 
Number of divisions in 2 
Number of cells produced is 4 
Outcome 4 haploid gametes
27
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have in G1 phase ?

How many sister chromatids does a human cell have in G2 phase

Sister chromatid

Duplicated chromosome

Condensed chromosome vs uncondensed

A

46

92

1/2 of duplicated chromosome

Duplicated chromosome stay together until separated in anaphase

Condensed are more tightly coiled / packed which is needed to prevent loss and damage during transit

28
Q

G1

S

G2

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

A

G1 growth of cytosol organelles differentiation

S phase duplication of chromosomes AKA replication

G2 editing and repair of chromosomes

Mitosis division of nucleus/ chromosomes

Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm

29
Q

G2

A

🥞
G2
Chromosomes de condensed and duplicated

Nuclear envelope intact

Spindle apparatus duplicated centrosomes

30
Q

Prophase

A

🤸🏾‍♀️
Chromosomes conduesing
Duplicated

Nuclear envelope degrading

Centrosomes splitting
Spindle forming

31
Q

Prometaphase

A

🥟🥟
Chromosomes condensed
Duplicated

Nuclear envelope degraded ☢️🔅

Spindle formed contacting kinetichores

32
Q

Metaphase

A

🦓
Chromosomes are condensed
Duplicated
Aligned

Nuclear envelope degraded

Spindle apparatus alignes chromosomes on the metaphase plate

33
Q

Anaphase

A

🐍
Chromosomes are condensed and splitting

Nuclear envelope is degraded

Spindle apparatus is separating chromosomes

34
Q

Telophase

A

📞

Chromosomes are uncondensed and un duplicated

Nuclear envelope is reforming

Spindle apparatus
Separated

35
Q

Plant cells are unable to cleavage how is cytokinesis done vs animal cells

A

Plants build a new cell wall and membrane at the metaphase plate by fusing golgibody derived vesicles

36
Q

G1 checkpoint

G2 checkpoint

Mcheckpoint

A

G1 just before the beginning of s phase
External factors like nutrients room to divide growth factor singnals
Anchor

G2 just before mitosis
Condition of dna
Replication complete
DNA damage

M checkpoint metaphase / anaphase boundary
Chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate

37
Q

MPF

CDK

Cyclin in cell cycle

A

MPF maturation promoting factor
It consists of CDK and cyclin when active cell goes into mitosis when MPF is lost cyclin is degraded the cell goes to anaphase and telophase

CDK or cyclin dependent kinase it helps control cells through cycle at cell checkpoints they phosphorylate proteins that carry out various stages of the cell cycle

Cyclin binds to CDK and activate it
Produced by cell signaling
Through regulation of gene transcription they are destroyed when completed their job

38
Q

Proto oncogenes

Tumor surppressor genes

DNA repair genes

A

⛽️ gas pedal
Regulate gene growth (G1 checkpoint)
When mutated becomes oncogene which is always on

🖐🏼 breaks
Slow cell division
When mutated can lead to loss of negative control to cell growth.

👨🏽‍🔧 mechanic
Checks for and repairs damaged DNA
When not working properly can lead to rapid accumulation of mutations

39
Q

Growth factor dependence

Density dependent inhibition

Nutrient dependence

Differentiation

Anchorage dependence

A

Cells need external signals to induce cell division and is lost in benign tumors

Cell stop growing when they’re too crowded
Lost in malignant tumors

Cells need nutrients to divide and grow these are really lost but benign tumors can shift to perder a faster glycarate metabolism

Cells specialize to become certain types of cells with certain characteristics
Cells lose their Norma characteristics in malignant tumors

Cells must be anchored to something in order to decide
Lost in matastic tumors

40
Q

Direct contact

A

Specific

Very short range

Signal travels through gap junction to a cell that is touching it

Heart muscle cell contraction signals

💋
Kiss

41
Q

Cell to cell

A

Specific

Very short

Ligand attached to outside of the cell attaches to the receptor on another cell

Ex G4 cells in the immune system

Hand shake

42
Q

Endocrine

A

Very general

Long range

Gland secrets a hormone or chemical messenger into the bloodstream/ duct which is then sent throughout the body

Adrenaline/ norepinephrine

Radio / satellite broadcasting

43
Q

Paracrine

A

General

Localized

Cell releases messengers in all directions in a short range

Cell damage releases histamine which causes inflammation in the surrounding tissue

Shouting

44
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Specific

Distant but the actual synapse is short

Neuron / action potential travels down the axon of the neuron which then release neurotransmitters that carry the signal across the synaptic gap which is then received by the next cell

Neurons in the brain

Phone call ☎️

45
Q

Active transport

A

Goes up / against the gradient

Requires energy

Splits into

Primary transport

Secondado active transport

46
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Electrochemical gradient

Cotransporters
Driver -up

Passenger - down

Symporter - passenger and driver move in the same direction

Anti porter - passenger and driver move in opposite directions

47
Q

Primary active transport

A

Requieres ATP

Pumps

Sodium potassium pump

Serca pump

ATP synthase

48
Q

Passive transport

A

Goes down the gradient

Conformational shift / uniporter

Channel proteins / holes with gates

Ligand gated

Voltage gated

Mechanical gated ions like k+ NA+ H2O

Bio180 (4 decks)

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