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Bio180 > Cell Signal / Functions / Vomit > Flashcards

Cell Signal / Functions / Vomit Flashcards

1
Q

Semi-permeable

Permeable extreme

A

Small

Non polar

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2
Q

Essentially impermeable

Essentially permeable

A

Impermeable
DNA amino acids
Proteins atp po4 NA CL K

Limited

Gluecose
Estrogen h2o

Permeable

O2 co2

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3
Q

Which direction ?

25mM 5mM

A

—————>

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4
Q

Membrane potential

A

Separation of charges of inside and outside the cell

Inside is negative

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5
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Combination of Electrical and chemical gradient !

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6
Q

Osmolarity

A

Movement of water across the membrane

More water to less water

More solute = less water

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7
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Purpose cell eating bacteria viruses larger particle

Forms at plasma mem

Fuses with lysosome

Mechanism extrusion/ outward push pseudopodium

Size food vacuole

Structural protein (Actin cytoskeleton)

Receptors Regulated

Rare white blood cells yeast and fungi

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8
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking
Sample ecf proteins polysaccharides

Forms at plasma mem

Fuses with lysosome

Mechanism invagination (inward pull) vesicle bud

Clathrin

Unregulated constitutive

Common

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9
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Harvest specific cargo
Ex Fe or cholesterol

Forms at plasma membrane
Fuses with lysosome
Mechanism invagination

Size vesicle

Clathrin

Receptor regulated

Common

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10
Q

Exocytosis

A

Export secretion
Ex insulin acetylcholine

Forms at golgibody

Fuses with plasma membrane

Invagination

Size vesicle

Clathrin

Secretory (regulated )
Constitutive

Common

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11
Q

G protein couple receptor

🎢

A 
Transmembrane domains  7 
Located plasma mem 
Activation mechanisms signal bounding and conformational shifts 
Activation result separated a unit 
Deactivation mechanism hydrolysis GTP to GDP 
Nucleotide involved GTP
Key terms alpha beta gamma
Gprotien 
GTP hydrolysis 
Gloop
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12
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptor

👯‍♀️

A

Transmembrane domains 1
Location plasma mem
Activate dymerazation cross phosphorylation

Activated result phosporelated tyrosine

Deactivation phosphotases

Nucleotide atp

Keyterms auto cross phosphorylation

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13
Q

Ligand gated channel receptor

🍻

A 
Trans membrane domains 16-24
Location plasma mem 
Activation mechanism signal binding and conformation shift 
Activation result ion flow 
Deactivated ion pumps remove ion 
Nucleotide none
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14
Q

Itracellular
Receptor

🧬

A

Location cytosol
Activation signal binding / confirmation shift

Result receptor enters into nucleus
Deactivation export from nucleus
Nucleotide none

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15
Q

Ligand gated ion channel receptors

🍻🛤

A
  1. Ligand binds ion channel
  2. Confirmation shift to open channel
  3. Ca 2+ enter cell
  4. Ligand dissociates from channel
  5. Confirmation shift to closed channel
    6 ca 2+ is pumped out of the cell

Effect

Increased Ca 2+

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16
Q

G protein coupled receptors

🎢🛤

A
  1. Ligand binds to receptor
  2. Receptor undergoes conformational shift exposing g loop
  3. Alpha subunit binds to g loop
  4. GDP leaves alpha sub unit
  5. New GTP binds to alpha subunit
  6. GTP causes confirmation shift in gprotien sub units
    7 . Beta gama kicked of alpha
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17
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptors

🛤👯‍♂️

A

1a. Ligand binds to receptor
1b. Dimerzation occurs when ligand binds to 2nd receptor
2. Cross phosphorylation of tyrosine domains by opposite kinase
3. Phosphorylated tyrosine recruits effector protein

  1. Signal terminated by removal of phosphate using phosphatase
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18
Q

Intracellular receptors

🧬🛤

A
  1. Nonpolar ligand crosses membrane and binds to intracellular receptor
  2. Ligand causes confirmational shift that exposes nuclear localization signal
  3. Receptor is allowed entry into nucleus
  4. Receptor binds to dna and recruits polymerase
  5. Transcription occurs
  6. Ligand leaves receptor and receptor returns to the cytosol
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19
Q

cAMP ⛺️

A 
Source ATP 
Messenger cAMP
Breakdown AMP 
Maker adenylyl Cyclase 
Target protein kinase A 
Breaker  phosphodiesterase
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20
Q

IP3 pathway 💉💊🚬

A

Source pip2 phosphotidyl inositol si phosphate

Messenger IP3

Breakdown inositol
Dephosphor

Maker phospho lipase c
Target IP3 gated calcium channels 🥛

Breaker phosphatase

21
Q

Ca pathway

🥛

A

Source ca2+ in smooth er

Messenger ca2+ in cytosol

Breakdown ca2+ in smooth er

Maker IP3 gated calcium channels

Target protein kinase c

Breaker is the serca pump

22
Q

cAMP transduction model

⛺️🛤

A
  1. Adenylyl cyclase is activated by a subunit of GTP usually
  2. Adenylyl cyclase binds to atp
    3 converts ATP into CAMP
    4 cAMP associates with the PKA
  3. Confirmation shift by the PKA to its active form
    6 PKA carries the signal to the next module
    7 cAMP releases from the PKA
    8 cAMP is broken down to AMP by phosphodiesterase
    9 w/o cAMP PKA is deactivated
    10 amp travels to the mitochondria to become ATP
23
Q

IP3 transduction model

🛤🚬💉💊

A
  1. Phospholipase c activated by receptor ( G protein or tyrosine kinase )
  2. Pip2 enters phopholipase c
  3. Pip2 is cleaved into IP3 and the DAG
  4. IP3 binds to closed ca2+ channel
    5 channel opens
    6 IP3 disassociates from the channel
    7 channel closes
    8 IP3 is broken down by phosphotases
24
Q

Ca2+ transduction module

🥛🛤

A
  1. Ca2+ exits the SER through open channel
  2. CA2+ and DAG bind to the PKC
  3. PKC becomes Active
    4 The Active PKC passes signal to the next step
    5 calcium leaves the PKC
    6 calcium is pumped back into the smooth ER via the SERCA pump
  4. PKA without. Ca 2+ is no longer activated
25
Mitosis
``` Somatic cells Growth repair single cell reproduction # of divisions 1 # of cells produced 2 Outcome 2 diploid clones ```
26
Meiosis
``` Reproductive cells / gametes Sexual reproduction and increase diversity Number of divisions in 2 Number of cells produced is 4 Outcome 4 haploid gametes ```
27
How many chromosomes does a human cell have in G1 phase ? How many sister chromatids does a human cell have in G2 phase Sister chromatid Duplicated chromosome Condensed chromosome vs uncondensed
46 92 1/2 of duplicated chromosome Duplicated chromosome stay together until separated in anaphase Condensed are more tightly coiled / packed which is needed to prevent loss and damage during transit
28
G1 S G2 Mitosis Cytokinesis
G1 growth of cytosol organelles differentiation S phase duplication of chromosomes AKA replication G2 editing and repair of chromosomes Mitosis division of nucleus/ chromosomes Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm
29
G2
🥞 G2 Chromosomes de condensed and duplicated Nuclear envelope intact Spindle apparatus duplicated centrosomes
30
Prophase
🤸🏾‍♀️ Chromosomes conduesing Duplicated Nuclear envelope degrading Centrosomes splitting Spindle forming
31
Prometaphase
🥟🥟 Chromosomes condensed Duplicated Nuclear envelope degraded ☢️🔅 Spindle formed contacting kinetichores
32
Metaphase
🦓 Chromosomes are condensed Duplicated Aligned Nuclear envelope degraded Spindle apparatus alignes chromosomes on the metaphase plate
33
Anaphase
🐍 Chromosomes are condensed and splitting Nuclear envelope is degraded Spindle apparatus is separating chromosomes
34
Telophase
📞 Chromosomes are uncondensed and un duplicated Nuclear envelope is reforming Spindle apparatus Separated
35
Plant cells are unable to cleavage how is cytokinesis done vs animal cells
Plants build a new cell wall and membrane at the metaphase plate by fusing golgibody derived vesicles
36
G1 checkpoint G2 checkpoint Mcheckpoint
G1 just before the beginning of s phase External factors like nutrients room to divide growth factor singnals Anchor G2 just before mitosis Condition of dna Replication complete DNA damage M checkpoint metaphase / anaphase boundary Chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate
37
MPF CDK Cyclin in cell cycle
MPF maturation promoting factor It consists of CDK and cyclin when active cell goes into mitosis when MPF is lost cyclin is degraded the cell goes to anaphase and telophase CDK or cyclin dependent kinase it helps control cells through cycle at cell checkpoints they phosphorylate proteins that carry out various stages of the cell cycle Cyclin binds to CDK and activate it Produced by cell signaling Through regulation of gene transcription they are destroyed when completed their job
38
Proto oncogenes Tumor surppressor genes DNA repair genes
⛽️ gas pedal Regulate gene growth (G1 checkpoint) When mutated becomes oncogene which is always on 🖐🏼 breaks Slow cell division When mutated can lead to loss of negative control to cell growth. 👨🏽‍🔧 mechanic Checks for and repairs damaged DNA When not working properly can lead to rapid accumulation of mutations
39
Growth factor dependence Density dependent inhibition Nutrient dependence Differentiation Anchorage dependence
Cells need external signals to induce cell division and is lost in benign tumors Cell stop growing when they’re too crowded Lost in malignant tumors Cells need nutrients to divide and grow these are really lost but benign tumors can shift to perder a faster glycarate metabolism Cells specialize to become certain types of cells with certain characteristics Cells lose their Norma characteristics in malignant tumors Cells must be anchored to something in order to decide Lost in matastic tumors
40
Direct contact
Specific Very short range Signal travels through gap junction to a cell that is touching it Heart muscle cell contraction signals 💋 Kiss
41
Cell to cell
Specific Very short Ligand attached to outside of the cell attaches to the receptor on another cell Ex G4 cells in the immune system Hand shake
42
Endocrine
Very general Long range Gland secrets a hormone or chemical messenger into the bloodstream/ duct which is then sent throughout the body Adrenaline/ norepinephrine Radio / satellite broadcasting
43
Paracrine
General Localized Cell releases messengers in all directions in a short range Cell damage releases histamine which causes inflammation in the surrounding tissue Shouting
44
Synaptic signaling
Specific Distant but the actual synapse is short Neuron / action potential travels down the axon of the neuron which then release neurotransmitters that carry the signal across the synaptic gap which is then received by the next cell Neurons in the brain Phone call ☎️
45
Active transport
Goes up / against the gradient Requires energy Splits into Primary transport Secondado active transport
46
Secondary active transport
Electrochemical gradient Cotransporters Driver -up Passenger - down Symporter - passenger and driver move in the same direction Anti porter - passenger and driver move in opposite directions
47
Primary active transport
Requieres ATP Pumps Sodium potassium pump Serca pump ATP synthase
48
Passive transport
Goes down the gradient Conformational shift / uniporter Channel proteins / holes with gates Ligand gated Voltage gated Mechanical gated ions like k+ NA+ H2O

Bio180 (4 decks)

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