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year 8 science > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an instrument for viewing small objects

A

microscope

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2
Q

the smallest unit of life. Cells are the building blocks of living things. There are many different sized and shaped cells in animals and plants, as well as single-celled organisms.

A

cells

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3
Q

instrument for viewing very small objects. A light microscope can magnify things up to 1500 times.

A

light microscopes

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4
Q

instrument for viewing very small objects. An electron microscope is much more powerful than a light microscope and can magnify things up to a million times.

A

electron microscopes

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5
Q

describes a microscope through which the specimen is seen using one eye only

A

monocular

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6
Q

describes a microscope through which the specimen is viewed using both eyes

A

stereo

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7
Q

a microscope with two eyepieces, so you use both eyes to look at the object

A

binocular

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8
Q

the number of times the image of an object has been enlarged using a lens or lens system. For example, a magnification of two means the object has been enlarged to twice its actual size.

A

magnification

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9
Q

describes an organism having only one cell

A

unicellular

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10
Q

having many cells. Most plants and animals are multicellular.

A

multicellular

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11
Q

a length of one millionth of a metre

A

micrometre

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12
Q

a unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a metre

A

nanometre

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13
Q

a rapidly developing field that includes studying and investigating cells and other objects of the smallest dimensions

A

nanotechnology

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14
Q

organism classified as belonging to the Prokaryotae kingdom

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

member of the group of organisms that has a membrane around the nucleus in each of their cells

A

eukaryote

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16
Q

structure that encloses the contents of a cell and allows the movement of some materials in and out

A

cell membrane

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17
Q

the fluid found inside cells

A

cytosol

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18
Q

small structures within a cell in which proteins such as enzymes are made

A

ribosomes

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19
Q

the jelly-like material inside a cell. It contains many organelles such as the nucleus and vacuoles.

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

the chemical reactions occurring within an organism that enable the organism to use energy and grow and repair cells

A

metabolism

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21
Q

reproduction by the division of an organism (usually a single cell) into two new organisms

A

binary fission

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22
Q

the kingdom of organisms that have cells with a membrane around the nucleus, but no cell wall, large vacuole or chloroplasts

A

Animalia

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23
Q

the kingdom of organisms that have cells with a membrane around the nucleus, cell wall, large vacuole and chloroplasts, commonly called plants

A

plantae

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24
Q

the kingdom of organisms, such as mushrooms and moulds, that help to decompose dead or decaying matter

A

fungi

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25
Q

the kingdom of organisms, including algae and protozoans, that do not fit into other groups

A

Protoctista

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26
Q

the kingdom of organisms that consist of single cells with a nucleus not surrounded by a membrane or a cell wall, commonly called bacteria

A

Prokaryotae

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27
Q

small rod-shaped organelles that supply energy to other parts of the cell. They are usually too small to be seen with light microscopes. Singular = mitochondrion.

A

mitochondria

28
Q

oval-shaped organelle found only in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll. They are the ‘factories’ in which carbon dioxide and water are changed by sunlight and water into food by the process of photosynthesis.

A

chloroplasts

29
Q

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

A

cellular respiration

30
Q

the food-making process in plants that takes place in chloroplasts within cells. The process uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun.

A

photosynthesis

31
Q

the green-coloured chemical in plants that absorbs the light energy used in photosynthesis to make food from carbon dioxide and water

A

chlorophyll

32
Q

type of tissue that transports sugars made in the leaves to other parts of a plant

A

phloem

33
Q

transport of materials, such as water and glucose, in plants

A

translocation

34
Q

pipelines for the flow of water up plants. They are made up of the remains of dead xylem cells fitted end to end with the joining walls broken down. Lignin in the cell walls gives them strength.

A

xylem vessels

35
Q

a hard substance in the walls of dead xylem cells that make up the tubes carrying water up plant stems. Lignin forms up to 30 per cent of the wood of trees.

A

lignin

36
Q

movement of water through a plant as a result of loss of water from the leaves

A

transpiration stream

37
Q

small openings mainly on the lower surface of leaves. These pores are opened and closed by guard cells. Singular = stoma.

A

stomata

38
Q

groups of xylem and phloem vessels within plant stems

A

vascular bundles

39
Q

loss of water from plant leaves through their stomata

A

transpiration

40
Q

cells on either side of a stoma that work together to control the opening and closing of the stoma

A

guard cells

41
Q

droop. Plant stems and leaves wilt when there is insufficient water in their cells.

A

wilt

42
Q

describes cells that are not firm due to loss of water

A

flaccid

43
Q

describes something that is firm

A

turgid

44
Q

sacs within a cell used to store food and wastes. Plant cells usually have one large vacuole. Animal cells have several small vacuoles or none at all.

A

vacuoles

45
Q

describes a type of tumour that damages cells and can spread to other parts of the body

A

malignant

46
Q

describes a tumour that does not spread to other parts of the body

A

benign

47
Q

an abnormal growth

A

tumour

48
Q

a disease resulting in the uncontrolled growth of body cells, forming tumours

A

cancer

49
Q

change state from a liquid to a gas. Evaporation occurs only from the surface of a liquid.

A

evaporates

50
Q

tiny, coiled tube in the skin through which water and salt are removed from the body, helping to control body temperature

A

sweat glands

51
Q

special cells that detect energy and convert it to electrical energy that is sent to the brain

A

receptors

52
Q

the medical name for the deeper part of the skin

A

dermis

53
Q

outermost layer of the skin

A

epidermis

54
Q

central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons. Also roundish structure inside a cell that acts as the control centre for the cell. Plural = nuclei.

A

nucleus

55
Q

tiny, thread-like structure inside the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes contain the DNA that carries genetic information.

A

chromosomes

56
Q

the chemical substance found in all living things that encodes the genetic information of an organism

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

57
Q

cell division process that results in new cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

A

mitosis

58
Q

identical copy

A

clones

59
Q

the process where the cytoplasm of a cell divides to form two daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

60
Q

disease that can be transferred from one organism to another

A

infectious diseases

61
Q

disease that cannot be transferred from one organism to another

A

non-infectious diseases

62
Q

substance derived from a micro-organism and used to kill bacteria in the body

A

antibiotics

63
Q

chemical used to kill bacteria on surfaces and non-living objects

A

disinfectant

64
Q

mild disinfectant used on body tissue to kill microbes

A

antiseptics

65
Q

describes an antiseptic that kills bacteria

A

bactericidal

66
Q

describes an antiseptic that stops bacteria from growing or dividing but doesn’t kill them

A

bacteriostatic

year 8 science (2 decks)

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