Cells Flashcards
Cell Theory
All organisms consist of 1 or more cells, a cell is the basic unit unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing living cells
What is consistent across all cells?
DNA replication, RNA guided protein synthesis, energy transfer and material exchange.
what are 4 common components across all cells?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes.
Prokaryotes
Small cells with no nucleus and without distinct organelles.
Eukaryotes
Larger more complex cells with nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
what limits the size that cells can be?
Larger cells have insufficient surface area to volume to allow adequate movement of waste out, nutrients in and information throughout.
Cytosol
fluid within laced with cytoskeleton to provide the cell structure.
Nucleus
Secrion housing genetic material.
Endocytosis
The process of transporting molecules into the cell using vesicles.
Exocytosis
Process of exporting molecules out of the cell using vesicles.
Cytoplasm
Fluid within cells that houses organelles.
Chromosome
Body consisting of DNA and associated proteins with 2 short arms and 2 long feet.
Centromere
the central section of a chromosome.
Chromatid
1 arm of a chromosome.
chromatin
The combination of DNA with proteins, makes up chromosomes.
Euchromatin
Areas of lower DNA concentration where transcription actively occurs.
Heterochromatin
Areas of higher DNA concentration where transcription does not occur.
Mitochondria
The site of aerobic respiration, contains prokaryotic DNA and ribosomes.
Cristae
A folded surface inside the mitochondria upon which ATP is generated.
Ribosome
Not membrane bound, consist of 1 large unit and 1 small unit that clamp around mRNA to synthesize proteins.
Polysomes
Groups of 3-30 ribosomes.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
An organelle attached to the nuclear envelope that is studded with ribosomes and acts as the sight of protein synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
An organelle attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum that is involved in lipid/steroid synthesis and drug detoxification.
The Golgi Complex
A flattened stack of single membrane bound sacs that process and package secretory proteins and lipids. it is also involved in complex polysaccharide and lysosome synthesis.
Vesicle
Sac for packing and transporting substances between the golgi body the outside of the cell.
Lysosome
single membrane bound sacs containing degrading enzymes like hydrase for the turnover of cellular contents.
Peroxisomes
Single membrane bound sacs containing the means for breaking down hydrogen peroxide.
what are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells also contain a firm cell wall, a vacuole and plastids.
Cell wall
A rigid body consisting of cellulose fibers and hardening substance.
Plastids
Membrane bound organelles that contain DNA and develop into either leucoplasts, chromoplasts or chloroplasts.
Leucoplasts
storage organelles that are classified as amyloplasts, elaioplasts and proteinoplasts.
Amyloplasts
starch storing leucoplasts.
Elaioplasts
fat storing leucoplasts
proteinoplasts
protein storing leucoplasts
chromoplasts
stores pigments associated with the colour of flowers and fruits
Chloroplasts
Store green chlorophyll which is involved in photosynthesis
Thylakoids
Flattened membranous sacs that make up chloroplasts
Granum
Stacks of Thylakoids
Strumule (singular Stroma)
Tubular connections between stacks for exchanging proteins
Chlorophyll
light absorbing pigments in chloroplasts responsible for photosynthesis
Carotenoids
light absorbing pigments in chloroplasts responsible for photosynthesis
Xanthophylls
light absorbing pigments in chloroplasts responsible for photosynthesis
Vacuole
30-80% of the cell, stores waste and maintains turgor pressure to prevent wilting
Tonoplast
Single membrane surrounding the vacuole
