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BIOLOGY > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Maginification

A

How much bigger an image is from a microscope compared to the specimen.

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2
Q

Resolution.

A

The quality of the image.

Eg) how well you can distinguish between two points that are close together.

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3
Q

S.E.M

A

Scanning electron microscope

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4
Q

T.E.M

A

Transmission electron microscope.

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5
Q

Ultrastructure

A

The minute structure if a biological specimen ( anything inside a cell)

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6
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between two successive crests of a wave.

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7
Q

The equation for magnification

A

Length of an Image / length of an object.

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8
Q

Cell fractionation

A

The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated.

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9
Q

What are the three steps of cell fractionation?

A
  • Homogenisation = breaking up of cells
  • filtration = getting rid of large pieces of debris.
  • ultracentrifugation= separating the organelles.
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10
Q

How does ultracentrifugation work?

A

Cell fragments poured into the centrifuge.

Spins at low speed; heavy organelles sent to bottom. (Pellets) and are filtered out.

The less dense supernatant is then put back in the centrifuge.

Continue until the desired organelle is the pellet.

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11
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle

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12
Q

Photomicrograph

A

Image of a microscopic object. Taken with aid of a microscope.

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13
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

Beams of electrons fired through sample. And lenses.

Shadow image of specimen created.

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14
Q

Difference between TEM and SEM

A

TEM = higher resolution
= must use v. Thin,

SEM = use on thicker specimen and can be 3D.
= lower resolution;

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15
Q

Pros and cons of SEMs

A

Pros = use on thicker specimen and can be 3D.

Cons = lower resolution than TEM. & must be dead specimen.

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16
Q

Pros and cons of TEM

A

Pros = higher resolution

Cons = must use v. Thin, dead specimen

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17
Q

Eye piece graticule

A

Glass disk in the eyepiece with 1cm scale on it.

=measure size of object. But first must calibrate.

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18
Q

Calibrate

A

Find the correct magnification by comparing the reading of the graticule to a standard measurement (stage micrometer)

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19
Q

Stage micrometer

A

Microscope slide with a 2mm long scale unit.

0.01 subdivisions.

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20
Q

Steps to calibrating a graticule.

A
  1. Line up graticule to micrometer.
  2. See how many units on the graticule scale = 10(e.g) on the micrometer.
  3. Divide each side to show what 1unit on micrometer = on graticule scale.

= 40x magnification.

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21
Q

How can you measure cell size using a graticule?

A

Find size of image (eg. 7mm = 7000micrometers)

Divide image size by magnification.
Eg. 7000/40x = 175micro m

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22
Q

Ultrastructure

A

The internal structure of a cell which suits its function.

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23
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Type of cell with specific structure for specific functions.

Have distinct nucleus.
Posses membrane bound organelles.

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24
Q

Nucleus

A

Holds DNA

Control centre of cell.

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25
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus

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26
Q

Mitochonria

A

Site of ATP synthesis (energy carrier molecule)

Site or aerobic stages of respiration.

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27
Q

Ribosome

A

Expresses the genetic code from nucleic acid into protein.

Process called translation.

28
Q

Flagellum

A

Tail like structure. Allows for movement.

29
Q

Lysosome

A

Contain digestive enzymes

30
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Site of protein synthesis.

Studded with ribosomes.

31
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Synthesis, transport and store of lipids and carbohydrates.

32
Q

Golgi complex (apparatus)

A

Packages macromolecules (eg. Lipids and proteins) after synthesis. Before destination.

33
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle in plant cells involved in carrying out photosynthesis.

34
Q

Cell wall (plants)

A

Wall of cellulose used to control what enters and leaves a cell.

35
Q

Cell wall if algae made of?

A

Cellulose and/or

Glycoproteins

36
Q

Whats is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A
  • Chitin (Nitrogen containing polysaccharide),
  • Glycan (polysaccharide)
  • glycoprotein
37
Q

Valcule

A

Fluid filled sacs with single membrane

Temporary food store, keeps turgid, holds pigment =attracts pollinating insects

38
Q

Specialisation

A

When cells switch genes on and off to perform more specific functions.

= they can be more efficient

39
Q

Tissue

Eg. Human and plant

A

Group of similar cells arranged together to suit a specific function.

Epithelial tissue.
Xylem.

40
Q

Organs

Eg. Human and plant

A

Tissues aggregated together. They coordinate to perform 1 particular function. Through a variety of other functions.

Lungs
Leaf

41
Q

Organ system

Give eg.

A

Group of organs working together for better efficiency in performing certain functions.

Eg. Digestive system

42
Q

Adv. of differentiation

A

++ efficiency

Can have specific organelles and structures to suit their function.

43
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells which have no true nucleus.
No nuclear membrane/ envelope.

Smaller than eukaryotic cells.

44
Q

Ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells

A

Cell wall
Capsule
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes 70s(

45
Q

Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

Both have phospholipid plasma membranes

Both have ribosomes (p=R70s E=R80s)

46
Q

Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

A

Size: E>P

Organisation: P= single celled E= part of tissue

DNA: P=circular strand and plasmid E= chromosomes

Mitochondria: absent/present

Nucleus: absent/ present

Cell wall: present/only in plants

47
Q

Capsule

A

Mucilaginous layer of slime around cell wall.

= protection and sticks cells together

48
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular piece of DNA (small)

caries genetic info
Allows independent reproduction in host cells
Gives resistance cell

49
Q

Virus

A

Prokaryotic cell

Replicates in host cells

Smaller than bacteria

50
Q

Caspid

A

Protein coat enclosing nucleic acid in prokaryotic cells(viruses)

51
Q

Horizontal gene transitione

A

Process by which viruses inject their DNA into host cells and cause the cell to make the virus cells

52
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The formation of two identical daughter cells due to cell division

For cell growth,repair/replacement and asexual reproduction.

53
Q

Interphase

A

Period proceding mitosis.

Where Cellular content and DNA replicates and cells grow, preparing for mitosis.

54
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes shorten and thicken = becomes visible
  • centrosomes form spindle fibres and move to the poles
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
55
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structures located in the nucleus. Made up of protein and a single molecule of DNA.

56
Q

Chromatid

A

Each of the two strands that make up a chromosome when it divides during cell division.
2 chromatids =1 chromosome joined together with a centromere

57
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Centrosomes form spindles by producing microtubules which connect to the centromere of the chromosome.
  • chromosomes are moved to the spindle equator.

•Chromosomes align along equator. (Still attached to the spindle fibres)

58
Q

Anaphase

A
  • centromeres split and pull the chromatids apart.
  • chromosomes move to opposite poles

•spindle poles move further apart ready for division.

= 46chromosomes & 92 chromatids&raquo_space;> 92 chromosomes & 92 chromatids (with 1 centromere each)

59
Q

Telophase

A

The chromosomes cluster at opposite poles

Chromosomes become dispersed (released by the spindle fibres)

Nuclear envelope begins to reassembles.

60
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell separates into two daughter cells with 46 chromosomes and 46 chromatids.

61
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Nuclear division
Cytokinesis

62
Q

Interphase

A

No division takes place
Rest phase
90% of the process

G1,S and G2 occur

63
Q

What are the three phases within interphase?

A

Growth 1
Synthesis
Growth 2

64
Q

In interphase: What happens during the initial growth phase?

A

May be cell specialisation & increase in number of organelles.

65
Q

In interphase: What happens during the S phase?

A

Synthesis of new DNA.

DNA replication and chromosome duplication&raquo_space; 2 chromatids

66
Q

In interphase: What happens during the second growth phase?

A

Increase in number of organelles increases.
Cell growth
Preparation for cell division

BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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