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MCD Year 1 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How many cell types in the body?

1) 100
2) 200
3) 300
4) 400

A

200 different cell types. 100 trillion total

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2
Q

What is the size of a cell?

A

10-20 micrometers in diameter

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3
Q

What is the size of a virus?

A

10 nanometers

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4
Q

What occurs in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum are modified and sorted for transportation

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5
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA transcribed?

A

The nucleolus

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6
Q

What feature of the nucleus can adenovirus take advantage of?

A

Nuclear pores

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7
Q

What is the name of a short cylindrical array of microtubules found at the base of cilia and flagella?

A

Centriole

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8
Q

What three types of filament make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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9
Q

What are the artificially prepared vesicles made from the lipid bilayer called?

A

Liposomes

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10
Q

Where are most lipids secreted and membrane-bound proteins made?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

What type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

What type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Specialist form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in smooth and striated muscle

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14
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with membrane bound organelles

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15
Q

What type of cell has flagella or pili?

A

Prokaryotes

Pili for adhesion

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16
Q

What do prokaryotic cell walls contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What type of cell can be cocci, bacilli, spirillae or spirochetes?

A

Prokaryotes

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18
Q

What type of cell has a cytoskeleton?

A

Eukaryotes

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19
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

The theory of incorporation of prokaryotes to form eukaryotes with mitochondria

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20
Q

What is the average blood volume for men and women?

A

Men: 5L
Women: 3.5L

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21
Q

What are the types of white blood cell and their concentrations?

A 
Neutrophils: 40-80%
Lymphocytes: 20-40%
Monocytes: 2-10%
Eosinophils: 1-6%
Basophils:
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22
Q

What molecule does haemoglobin form when it transports oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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23
Q

What reaction allows erythrocytes to transport carbon dioxide?

A

Carbonic anhydrase-> bicarbonate

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24
Q

How big are erythrocytes?

A

7.5 micrometers

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25
Q

What organ stimulates the release of erythropoietin?

A

The kidney

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26
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoietin release?

A

Testosterone

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27
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin

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28
Q

What are immature erythrocytes called?

A

Reticulocytes: they contain ribosomes

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29
Q

What are high circulating reticulocytes diagnostic of?

A

Anaemia or chemotherapy

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30
Q

How are reticulocytes removed from the circulation?

A

Reticulo-endothelial system: phagocytic macrophages in the spleen

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31
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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32
Q

What is a haemoglobin molecule made up of?

A

4 polypeptides with a haem group and a ferrous iron

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33
Q

What are immature erythrocytes called?

A

Reticulocytes: they contain ribosomes

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34
Q

What are high circulating reticulocytes diagnostic of?

A

Anaemia or chemotherapy

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35
Q

Where does the oxygen bind to haemoglobin?

A

It binds to the ferrous iron

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36
Q

What is the oxidised form of haemoglobin?

A

Methaemoglobin

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37
Q

What form of haemoglobin is found in the foetus?

A

HbF which has a higher affinity for oxygen

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38
Q

What are the normal haemoglobin levels?

A

Per 100ml of blood:
Male: 15.8g
Female: 13.7g

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39
Q

What is a normal red cell count?

A

Male: 5.4x10^12
Female: 4.8x10^12

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40
Q

What is a normal haematocrit?

A

Male: 0.40-0.54
Female: 0.35-0.47

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41
Q

What is a normal mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell haemoglobin concentration?

A

MCV: 82-99fl
MCH: 27-33pg
MCHC: 320-340g/l

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42
Q

What is microcytic anaemia and what causes it?

A

A failure of haemoglobin synthesis. Caused by a continuous leaching of blood (menstruation, GIT lesions or cancers, parasitic infection- continuous leaching of blood)

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43
Q

What is normocytic anaemia and what causes it?

A

Fewer erythrocytes than normal caused by a sudden and acute loss of blood.

44
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia and what causes it?

A

Failure of cell division. Caused by folic acid or B12 deficiency.

45
Q

What cells are polymorphonuclear granulocytes and what are their characteristic features?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Segmented nucleus, full of cytoplasmic granules, engulf, kill and digest microorganisms, release inflammatory mediators and adhere to blood vessels and migrate to tissues

46
Q

What type of immunity do B cells provide?

A

Humoral immunity

47
Q

What are the five types of antibody?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE

48
Q

Which type of immune response is quicker, primary or secondary?

A

Secondary response

49
Q

What type of immunity do T cells provide?

A

Cellular immunity

50
Q

What do monocytes secrete and what does this stimulate?

A

Inflammatory mediators and they stimulate angiogenesis

51
Q

What is the size of platelets?

A

2-3 micrometers

52
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

25x10^4 per micro litre

53
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

8-10 days

54
Q

What do platelets adhere to?

A

Exposed collagen

55
Q

What do platelets produce from cycloxygenase enzyme?

A

Thromboxane A2

56
Q

What does aspirin inhibit?

A

Cycloxygenase

57
Q

What does the vascular endothelium produce to inhibit platelet activation?

A

Prostacyclin and nitric oxide

58
Q

What is the function of plasma proteins?

A

Exert osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume

59
Q

What proteins are found in the blood plasma?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

60
Q

What is the function of albumins and globulins?

A

Carrier molecules

61
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma with the proteins removed due to clotting

62
Q

How thick is a membrane

A

5-7 nanometers

63
Q

What does amphiphilic mean?

A

Contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic group

Eg phospholipids

64
Q

What creates diversity in membranes?

A

Unsaturated and saturated fatty acid tails in phospholipids

65
Q

What are membranes permeable to?

A

Small, neutral and fat soluble molecules and water

66
Q

What are membranes impermeable to?

A

Large macromolecules like proteins and RNA
Hydrophilic molecules like glucose
Charged molecules including cations and anions (but some can leak through down the concentration gradient

67
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a permeable membrane from an area of low to high concentration

68
Q

What is active transport?

A

Diffusion against the concentration gradient using the hydrolysis of ATP to provide energy and using a carrier protein

69
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The movement of a hydrophilic (charged) molecule down their concentration gradient through protein pores to pass the hydrophobic core

70
Q

What is protein mediated permeability?

A

The use of pores to provide a route for substances to move down the concentration gradient

71
Q

What is a symporter?

A

Allow the movement of sugars and amino acids into a cell with the movement of Na as it moves down the concentration gradient

72
Q

What are antiporters?

A

Allow the movement of molecules in opposite direction to Na to exchange

73
Q

What is the lipid to protein ratio in myelin sheath, plasma membrane and mitochondrial inner membrane?

A

Myelin sheath: Lipid- 80%: Protein- 20%
Plasma membrane: Lipid- 50%: Protein- 50%
Mitochondrial inner membrane: Lipid- 25%: Protein- 75%

74
Q

What type of cell signal molecule can cross the cell membrane?

A

Lipid soluble molecules: eg steroid hormones, prostaglandins and nitric oxide

75
Q

What do impermeable signals rely on for cell signalling?

A

Trans-membrane receptors

76
Q

Chemical gradient moves particles where?

A

Down the concentration gradient, spontaneously

77
Q

Electrostatic gradient moves particles according to what?

A

Charge

78
Q

Chloride ions move where (with regard to the concentration gradient) and how?

A

Inward, down the concentration gradient through chloride channels

79
Q

Excess negative charge in a cell caused by non-diffusible proteins and lipids does what to chloride ions?

A

Pushes them out of the cell

80
Q

What prevents the dissipation of ionic gradients in a cell?

A

Na+K+ pumps

81
Q

The alpha chain of Na+K+ pumps spans the membrane how many times?

A

10 times

82
Q

What is the role of the beta chain in Na+K+ pumps?

A

It is the controller

83
Q

How is glucose transported into the cell?

A

Using facilitated diffusion through a symporter to move down the concentration gradient, co-transported with Na

84
Q

What polypeptide chains make up a Na+K+ pump?

A

Two: one alpha and one beta chain

85
Q

What is the ionic gradient in a cell? Inside is there more or less Na and K?

A

Less Na and more K

86
Q

Where is there more of a negative potential? Inside or outside?

A

Inside

87
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

A difference in electric charge on the two sides of a membrane

88
Q

What channels does K use to travel in and out of a cell?

A

Na+K+ pumps and K+ leak channels

89
Q

What is the membrane potential of a cell?

A

-70mV

90
Q

In what cells do action potentials occur?

A

Elongated cells (nerves and muscles)

91
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A brief disruption in the membrane potential caused by a current pulse which causes the voltage gated Na+ channels to open

92
Q

Explain the process of an action potential?

A

A stimulus causes voltage gated Na+ channels to open and Na flows into the cell causing depolarisation from -70mV to +50mV.
This voltage reversal causes inactivation of the channels preventing further entry of Na.
Voltage gated K+ channels then open resulting in K effluc which helps to restore the resting membrane potential
The process propagates down the nerve/muscle

93
Q

What channel does the scorpion toxin target?

A

The K channel: mimicing water that the K channel is usually surrounded by

94
Q

Which ions have specific pumps and use ATP hydrolysis tp provide the energy?

A

Na+, Ca+ and H+

95
Q

Which pump in mitochondria moves H+ and can work in reverse to generate ATP from the ion gradient?

A

F1-ATPase

96
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Engulfment by the membrane of extracellular solute and small molecules enclosing the contents in small intracellular membrane-bound vesicles

97
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

98
Q

Systemic fungi infections are common among what group of people?

A

Immunocompromised

99
Q

Malaria and leishmania spp are examples of what type of infection?

A

Protozoan

100
Q

Tapeworms, flukes and roundworms are examples of what type of infection?

A

Helminths

101
Q

What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Size, peptidoglycans, organelles and nuclei

102
Q

Are prokaryotes haploid or diploid

A

Haploid

103
Q

Give examples of the agents below and the disease they cause:
Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa and helminth

A

Bacteria: Shigella, Neisseria
Virus: HIV
Fungi: Candida
Protozoa: Plasmodium spp (malaria) and Leishmania
Helminth: Schistosomiasis, Tania saginata (tapeworm), roundworms

104
Q

How does HIV replicate in it’s host?

A

Is uses reverse transciptase enzyme to convert its own RNA genome into DNA template, which it integrates into the host genome. This makes the host cell manufacture the proteins it needs to replicate.

105
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of Shigella including the infectious dose?

A

Shigella is transmitted via the faecal oral route and has an infectious dose of 10-100 bacteria. It enters a cell via a vacuole and replicated intracellularly. Using the host’s actin it spreads from cell to cell.

106
Q

How do protozoa replicate?

A

Replicate in the host via binary fission or formation of trophozoites inside a cell. They have a complicated life cycle involving two hosts- infection occurs through ingestion or through a vector (eg malaria)

MCD Year 1 (10 decks)

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