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Nat 5 Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the third step of mitosis?

A
  • nucleus membrane breakdown

- the chromosomes line up on equator of the cell

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2
Q

Why is the first step of mitosis?

A

DNA is tightly coiled in the nucleus

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3
Q

Explain the function of receptor enzymes

A

Cell identity tags

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids make up the basic structure

And it’s made up of protein and lipids(fat)

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5
Q

Name two facts about DNA?

A
  • double stranded

- twisted into a double helix

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6
Q

Name the three parts of a nucleotide ?

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and base

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7
Q

What is DNA structure made up of?

A

Nucleotides

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8
Q

Name two parts of a chromosome?

A

Chromatids, centromere

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9
Q

Describe function of a cell wall?

A

Maintains cell shape/support

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10
Q

Describe function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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11
Q

Describe stage 5 of mitosis

A
  • chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
  • nuclear membranes formed
  • two identical daughter cells are formed
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12
Q

Higher water concentration outside plant cell?(3 marks)

A

Higher water concentration outside cell, water moves into cell, cell=turgid

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13
Q

Same water concentration outside plant cell?

A

Water movement Is balanced

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14
Q

What is the second step of mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes shorten and thicken

- chromosomes double to form two identical chromatids which join at a centromere

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15
Q

Lower water concentration outside plant cell?(3marks)

A

Higher water concentration in cell, water moves out cell, cell is plasmolysed

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16
Q

Higher water concentration outside animal cell?(2 marks)

A

Higher water concentration outside cell, water moves into cell, cells burgs

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17
Q

Explain”optimum” in terms of enzymes

A

Conditions enzymes work best at, usually body temp

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18
Q

State an enzyme equation

A

HP COW
Hydrogen peroxide ———->oxygen and water
Catalase

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19
Q

Explain function of an antibody enzyme

A

Fight infections

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20
Q

Describe function of a hormone protein

A

Body messenger eg insulin

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21
Q

Explain function of enzyme protein

A

Speed up chemical reactions eg amylase

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22
Q

Explain how proteins have different shapes

A

They all have different jobs to do

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23
Q

Describe how DNA is carried to the ribosomes

A

By a messenger molecule called MRNA

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24
Q

Name the base pairs

25
What does active transport require?
Energy
26
Describe process of active transport
The moment of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration against a concentration gradient
27
What's the simple enzyme equation?
Substrates---------->product | Enzymes
28
Photosynthesis equation?
Sunlight Co2 and water --------------> oxygen and glucose Chlorophyll
29
Three things plants use glucose for
Respiration, stored as starch, makes cellulose
30
Three limiting factors of photosynthesis
Light intensity, carbon dioxide, temperature
31
Where does photosynthesis happen?
In the chlorplasts
32
ATP is made from what?
ADP + PI
33
What is step one of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
34
What's step two of aerobic respiration?
Citric acid cycle
35
Where does glycolysis is take place?
Cyptoplasm
36
Where does citric acid cycle take place?
Mitochondria
37
Step one of aerobic respiration(3 marks)
Happens in Cyptoplasm, glucose splits onto two pyruvic acid molecules, produces two ATP
38
Step two of aerobic respiration (3 marks)
Happens in mitochondria, pyruvic acid is broken down, produces CO2, water and 36 ATP
39
What does aerobic respiration have that anaerobic doesn't ?
Owygen
40
Aerobic respiration equation
Glucose and oxygen----> 36ATP, CO2 and water
41
Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi
Glucose---> 2 ATP, CO2 and ethanol
42
Equation for anaerobic respiration in animal and bacteria cells
Glucose---> 2ATP and lactic acid
43
Describe function of mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
44
Describe the process of osmosis
Movement of water from high conc water to a low conc water down a conc gradient through a selectively permeable membrane
45
Lower water conc outside animal cell
Higher water conc in cell, water moves out cell, cell shrinks
46
Describe the process of diffusion and give examples
Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low through conc gradient
47
What does body use energy for?
Muscle cell contraction, cell division , protein synthesis
48
Stage 4 of mitosis
Spindle fibers attach each centromere to the pole. The spindle fibers shorten and pull the chromatids apart
49
Describe function of a structural protein
Forms hair and nails eg keratin
50
Explain term "specific" in terms of enzymes
Each enzyme can only catalyze one reaction
51
Describe function of ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
52
Describe function of vacuole
Stores water and solutes
53
Describe function of cell membrane
Controls movements of substance in and out of cell
54
Explain importance of mitosis
New cells must have an exact copy of DNA so no,info is lost
55
State what mitosis is
Process of cell division
56
Explain denatured in terms of enzymes
Heated above certain temperatures their shape begins to change. Can no longer bond with their substrates
57
Describe function of nucleus
Controls cells activity
58
Describe functions of cyptoplasm
Jelly like filling, site of chemical reactions

Nat 5 Biology (2 decks)

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