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Nat 5 Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the third step of mitosis?

A
  • nucleus membrane breakdown

- the chromosomes line up on equator of the cell

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2
Q

Why is the first step of mitosis?

A

DNA is tightly coiled in the nucleus

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3
Q

Explain the function of receptor enzymes

A

Cell identity tags

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids make up the basic structure

And it’s made up of protein and lipids(fat)

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5
Q

Name two facts about DNA?

A
  • double stranded

- twisted into a double helix

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6
Q

Name the three parts of a nucleotide ?

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and base

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7
Q

What is DNA structure made up of?

A

Nucleotides

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8
Q

Name two parts of a chromosome?

A

Chromatids, centromere

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9
Q

Describe function of a cell wall?

A

Maintains cell shape/support

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10
Q

Describe function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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11
Q

Describe stage 5 of mitosis

A
  • chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
  • nuclear membranes formed
  • two identical daughter cells are formed
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12
Q

Higher water concentration outside plant cell?(3 marks)

A

Higher water concentration outside cell, water moves into cell, cell=turgid

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13
Q

Same water concentration outside plant cell?

A

Water movement Is balanced

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14
Q

What is the second step of mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes shorten and thicken

- chromosomes double to form two identical chromatids which join at a centromere

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15
Q

Lower water concentration outside plant cell?(3marks)

A

Higher water concentration in cell, water moves out cell, cell is plasmolysed

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16
Q

Higher water concentration outside animal cell?(2 marks)

A

Higher water concentration outside cell, water moves into cell, cells burgs

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17
Q

Explain”optimum” in terms of enzymes

A

Conditions enzymes work best at, usually body temp

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18
Q

State an enzyme equation

A

HP COW
Hydrogen peroxide ———->oxygen and water
Catalase

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19
Q

Explain function of an antibody enzyme

A

Fight infections

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20
Q

Describe function of a hormone protein

A

Body messenger eg insulin

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21
Q

Explain function of enzyme protein

A

Speed up chemical reactions eg amylase

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22
Q

Explain how proteins have different shapes

A

They all have different jobs to do

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23
Q

Describe how DNA is carried to the ribosomes

A

By a messenger molecule called MRNA

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24
Q

Name the base pairs

25
Q

What does active transport require?

26
Q

Describe process of active transport

A

The moment of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration against a concentration gradient

27
Q

What’s the simple enzyme equation?

A

Substrates———->product

Enzymes

28
Q

Photosynthesis equation?

A

Sunlight
Co2 and water ————–> oxygen and glucose
Chlorophyll

29
Q

Three things plants use glucose for

A

Respiration, stored as starch, makes cellulose

30
Q

Three limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity, carbon dioxide, temperature

31
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen?

A

In the chlorplasts

32
Q

ATP is made from what?

33
Q

What is step one of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis

34
Q

What’s step two of aerobic respiration?

A

Citric acid cycle

35
Q

Where does glycolysis is take place?

A

Cyptoplasm

36
Q

Where does citric acid cycle take place?

A

Mitochondria

37
Q

Step one of aerobic respiration(3 marks)

A

Happens in Cyptoplasm, glucose splits onto two pyruvic acid molecules, produces two ATP

38
Q

Step two of aerobic respiration (3 marks)

A

Happens in mitochondria, pyruvic acid is broken down, produces CO2, water and 36 ATP

39
Q

What does aerobic respiration have that anaerobic doesn’t ?

40
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose and oxygen—-> 36ATP, CO2 and water

41
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi

A

Glucose—> 2 ATP, CO2 and ethanol

42
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in animal and bacteria cells

A

Glucose—> 2ATP and lactic acid

43
Q

Describe function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

44
Q

Describe the process of osmosis

A

Movement of water from high conc water to a low conc water down a conc gradient through a selectively permeable membrane

45
Q

Lower water conc outside animal cell

A

Higher water conc in cell, water moves out cell, cell shrinks

46
Q

Describe the process of diffusion and give examples

A

Movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low through conc gradient

47
Q

What does body use energy for?

A

Muscle cell contraction, cell division , protein synthesis

48
Q

Stage 4 of mitosis

A

Spindle fibers attach each centromere to the pole. The spindle fibers shorten and pull the chromatids apart

49
Q

Describe function of a structural protein

A

Forms hair and nails eg keratin

50
Q

Explain term “specific” in terms of enzymes

A

Each enzyme can only catalyze one reaction

51
Q

Describe function of ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

52
Q

Describe function of vacuole

A

Stores water and solutes

53
Q

Describe function of cell membrane

A

Controls movements of substance in and out of cell

54
Q

Explain importance of mitosis

A

New cells must have an exact copy of DNA so no,info is lost

55
Q

State what mitosis is

A

Process of cell division

56
Q

Explain denatured in terms of enzymes

A

Heated above certain temperatures their shape begins to change. Can no longer bond with their substrates

57
Q

Describe function of nucleus

A

Controls cells activity

58
Q

Describe functions of cyptoplasm

A

Jelly like filling, site of chemical reactions

Nat 5 Biology (2 decks)

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