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Y1 AQA Biology - Burnley College (2024-25) > Cells 3.2 > Flashcards

Cells 3.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with a nucleus AND membrane-bound organelles.

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Describe the structure of the nucleus (2 marks).

A

1. Nuclear envelope and pores

OR double membrane and pores;

2. Chromosomes/chromatin

OR DNA wrapped around histones;

3. Nucleolus/nucleoli

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Eukaryotic cells contain linear DNA which is bound / wrapped around which protein?

A

Histones

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Describe the function of the nucleus (2 marks).

A

1. Stores genetic information/material for polypeptides (production)

OR codes for proteins

OR codes for primary structure of polypeptides;

2. Site of (semi-conservative) DNA replication;

3. Production of mRNA/tRNA

OR site of Transcription;

4. Production of rRNA/ribosomes;

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Draw out and label the structure of a mitochondrion

A
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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Mitochondrial DNA is linear OR circular?

A

Circular

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Size of mitochondrial ribosomes

A

70S

This is smaller than cytoplasmic ribosomes which are 80S

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8
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Process occuring in mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Products of aerobic respiration

A

Carbon dioxide, water AND ATP

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

The cristae provide a large _________ _________ so more ATP synthase can be embedded into the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

surface area

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11
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Organelle found on the outer surface membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosome

Size of 80S

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins via ribosomes on their surface.

Packages proteins into vesicles to be transported to the Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Why is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ‘smooth’?

A

No ribosomes on its surface

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A
  1. Synthesise lipids and packages them into vesicles.
  2. Synthesise carbohydrates and packages them into vesicles.
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15
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO2

A

1. Less phospholipids in rough
OR
More protein/glycoprotein in rough
OR
Presence of ribosomes in rough;

2. (More protein/glycoprotein/ribosomes)
Rough – production/transport of proteins;

3. (More phospholipid)
Smooth –production / modification / packaging / transport of lipids

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16
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Golgi apparatus function

A

1. Sorts, modifies and packages proteins into vesicles.

E.g. adds a carbohydrate to a protein to form a glycoprotein.

E.g. forms chylomicrons

2. Forms lysosomes

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Name of enzyme contained by lysosomes

A

Hydrolytic enzymes
(aka lysozymes)

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18
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Describe how lysosomes destroy pathogens or damaged organelles
(2 marks).

A
  1. Lysosomes fuse with vesicle
  2. Release its hydrolytic enzymes
  3. Which breakdown pathogens AND/OR damaged and worn out organelles
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19
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Function of ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins

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20
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Ribosomes are made up of……..

A

ribsomal RNA (rRNA)

Protein sub-units

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21
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Cytoplasmic ribosomes size

A

80S

This is also the size of ribosomes on the rough ER

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22
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins. Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells (4 marks).

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code for protein;
  2. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesise protein;
  3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
  4. Golgi apparatus modifies and packages protein;
  5. Vesicles transport protein

OR

  1. (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;

Accept exocytosis at cell surface membrane

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23
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Process by which a vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane to release its content

A

Exocytosis

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24
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

TRUE or FALSE

The nucleus can contain more than one nucleoli?

A

TRUE

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25
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

DNA in the eukaryotic nucleus is linear OR circular?

A

Linear

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26
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

The cell-surface membrane consists of a _________________.

A

phospholipid bilayer

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27
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Polymer in plant cell wall

A

Cellulose

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28
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Polymer in fungal cell wall

A

Chitin

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29
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Draw out and label the structure of a chloroplast

A

Chloroplasts also contain circular DNA, 70S ribosomes & starch grains.

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30
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

The thylakoid membranes provide a large surface area for more ______________.

A

chlorophyll

this allows MORE light energy to be absorbed during photosynthesis

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31
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

The synthesis of glucose as a result of photosynthesis takes place in which part of the chloroplast?

A

Stroma

32
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Polymer in algal cell wall

A

Cellulose

33
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Algae are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can ________________ .

A

Photosynthesise

34
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Large permanent vacuole function

A

1. Provide support, making cells turgid.

2. Store of sugars and amino acids

35
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO2

U. marinum cells ingest bacteria and digest them in the cytoplasm.

Describe the role of one named organelle in digesting these bacteria (3 marks).

A

1. Lysosomes;

2. Fuse with vesicle;

3. (Releases) hydrolytic enzymes;

36
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Give one feature of the chloroplast that allows protein to be synthesised inside the chloroplast and describe one difference between this feature in the chloroplast and similar features in the rest of the cell.

A

Mark in pairs, 1 and 2 OR 3 and 4

1. Ribosomes;

2. Are smaller (70S) than cytoplasmic ribosomes;

OR

3. DNA;

4. Is not associated with protein/histones but nuclear DNA is

OR is circular but nuclear DNA is linear

OR is shorter than nuclear DNA;

37
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Outline the similarities in the structures of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

A

1. Both double membrane;
2. Both contain (circular) DNA;
3. Both contain ribosomes;

38
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Outline the differences in the structures of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

A

4. Chloroplasts have thylakoids/grana whereas mitochondria have cristae;
5. Chloroplasts stroma whereas mitochondria matrix;
6. Chloroplasts pigments (chlorophyll) whereas no pigments in mitochondria;
7. Chloroplasts have starch grains whereas mitochondria have no starch grains;

39
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

A

D - Granum/grana/thylakoid(s);

E - starch / lipid;

40
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

A

B;

A;

E;

41
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO2

Human breast milk is produced and secreted by gland cells. These gland cells have adaptations that include many mitochondria and many Golgi vesicles. The milk contains a high concentration of protein.

Explain the role of these cell adaptations in the production and secretion of breast milk (2 marks).

A
  1. (Many mitochondria) release energy / ATP for movement of vesicles / synthesis of protein / active transport;
  2. (Many Golgi) vesicles transport protein / glycoprotein / milk to cell membrane / out of cell;
42
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

A
43
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

A

B Golgi apparatus / body;

C Mitochondria / mitochondrion;

44
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Name two structures present in plant cells that are not present in animal cells.

A
  1. Chloroplasts
  2. Cell wall
  3. Cell vacuole
  4. Starch grains
45
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Chloroplast circular DNA contains nucleotides with which nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

It’s DNA, so must contain the classic 4 bases!

46
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

A

A stroma

B granum

47
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

A

W – chloroplast, photosynthesis;

Z – nucleus, contains DNA / chromosomes / holds genetic information of cell.

48
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Identify X

A

Crista/cristae

49
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

A

L

H

N

50
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO2

A

Membrane-bound organelle(s)

OR Mitochondrion/mitochondria

OR Vesicle(s)/lysosomes

OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum

OR Nucleus/(double) nuclear membrane/pore(s)/ nuclear envelope;

51
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Define a tissue

A

Similar specialised cells that perform a specific function

52
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Define an organ

A

Different tissues that work together to perform a specific / vital function

53
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Define an organ system

A

Different organs that work together to perform a specific / vital function

54
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

In complex multicellular organisms, eukaryotic cells become _____________ for specific functions.

A

specialised

55
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Prokaryotic cells are smaller OR larger than eurkaryotic cells

A

Smaller

56
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Define a prokarytic cell

A

Cells that DO NOT contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

57
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Describe the structure of DNA in prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus;

single circular DNA molecule that is free in the cytoplasm;

not associated with proteins/histones;

58
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Process by which prokarytic cells replicate their DNA

A

Semi-conservative replication

Meselson & Stahl used E.coli (a bacteria) for their experiments

59
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Glycoprotein that makes up the prokaryote cell wall

A

Murein

(aka peptidoglycan)

60
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Size of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S

This is smaller than cytoplasmic ribosomes in a eukarytic cell

61
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Extra source of DNA in a prokaryote

A

Plasmid(s)

62
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Genes typically found in plasmids

A

Genes that benefit prokaryote survival
e.g., antibiotic resistance

63
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

TRUE or FALSE

Prokaryotes can have more than one plasmid

A

TRUE

Prokaryotes have a variable number of plasmids

64
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Structure that often surrounds the prokaryotic cell

A

Capsule

65
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Give two structures found in all prokaryotic cells and in all eukaryotic cells.

A
  1. Cell(-surface) membrane;
  2. Ribosomes;
  3. Cytoplasm;
  4. DNA;
66
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Name two structures found in all bacteria that are not found in plant cells.

A
  1. Circular DNA (molecule in cytoplasm);
  2. Murein cell wall

OR Peptidoglycan cell wall

  1. Smaller/70S ribosomes in cytoplasm;
67
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

TRUE or FALSE:

All prokaryotic cells have one or more flagella.

A

FALSE

Some prokaryotes have NO flagella

68
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

All prokaryotic cells have ___________ ribosomes than eukaryotic cells

A

smaller

69
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

A

Flagellum

70
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

Name an organelle found in both a chloroplast and a prokaryotic cell.

A

(70S) Ribosome

71
Q

Past paper question AO1

A
72
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

A

Second box ticked

B – statements 1, 2 and 4

73
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

A

W – (cell surface) membrane

X – cell wall

Y – capsule

Z – flagellum

74
Q

Prokaryotic cells AO1

TRUE or FALSE
Prokaryotes can have one or more flagella.

A

TRUE

75
Q

Eukaryotic cells AO1

Identify organelles S and T

A

S = Vacuole

T = Chloroplast;

76
Q

Past paper question AO1

Give two features of all prokaryotic cells that are not features of eukaryotic cells.

A

No membrane-bound organelles

Circular DNA OR DNA free in cytoplasm

DNA not associated with proteins/histones

No introns

Murein/peptidoglycan (in) cell wall;

Only have smaller 70S ribosomes

77
Q

Past paper question AO1

Describe one difference between the structure of DNA in a prokaryotic cell and in a eukaryotic cell.

A

(In prokaryotes)
Circular not linear
OR
Not associated with proteins/histones
OR
No introns;

Y1 AQA Biology - Burnley College (2024-25) (2 decks)

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