Cells (3/3.1) Flashcards
The basic units of structure and function in living things
Cell-
-States that all living things are composed of cells
Cell Theory
- a small, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell
Virus
is the process in which cells break down food and release the energy stored.
Cellular respiration-
is the energy currency of life, it is a high energy molecule found in every cell and its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy
ATP-adenosine triphosphate, or ATP for short,
Widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things.
Cell theory
Cell size is LIMITED. true or false?
True
As cell size ____, it takes longer for material to ___ from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell.
increases; diffuse
Surface area-to-volume ratio: as a cell increases in size, the volume ____faster than surface area.
increases 10x
A ____is a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life
cell
A change that affects the activity of an organism is called a
stimulus (plural: stimuli)
A stimulus can be anything else that causes an organism to respond in some way. Give other examples
gravity, light, sound, a chemical, hunger
The maintenance of a stable internal environment is called
homeostasis.
Function: provides support and protection to the cell membrane Made of porous cellulose so it does not regulate what enters and leaves, fungal walls (chitin)
Cell Wall
Functions: separates the inside of the cell from its environment, provides support and protection Controls what substances enter and leave the cell
Cell Membrane
Nickname: “The Control Center”- directs all activities in the cell
Function: holds the DNA
Nucleus
____strands that contain genetic material, the instructions for directing the cell’s function.
_____dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes
_____surrounds nucleus, protects, composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers
Chromatin; Nucleolus; Nuclear Envelope -
______
Nickname: _____- clear thick jellylike material
Function: supports and protects cell organelles
Cytoplasm; “Cytosol”
_______
- network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells
- supports the shape of the cell keeps organelles in fixed locations
- helps move materials within the cell
Cytoskeleton
- responsible for cellular contractions, crawling. “pinching”
- provide organization to the cell and move materials within the cell
- provide structural stability
-actin filaments; - Microtubules; intermediate filaments
______
Function: traps energy from the sun and uses it to produce food for the plant cell
Chloroplasts
_______ are membranous sacs within the inner membrane
_______are stacks of thylakoids
thylakoids; -grana
Nickname: “The Powerhouse”, rod shaped structures
Function: Energy formation Breaks down food to make ATP
Mitochondria
is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy. Converts energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions.
ATP:
________
-surrounded by 2 membranes -smooth, outer membrane
- folded inner membrane with layers called _____
- ______is within the inner membrane
- intermembrane space is located between the two membranes
- contain their own DNA
Mitochondria; cristae; matrix
Function: Factories that produce proteins and transports to Golgi bodies from endoplasmic reticulum composed of ribosomal RNA and
proteins, grain-like in appearance
Ribosomes
Nickname: “Roads”
Function: The internal delivery system of the cell, passageways that carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm
- attachment of ____ to the membrane gives a rough appearance
- synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER); ribosomes
-relatively few ribosomes attached functions: -synthesis of membrane lipids -calcium storage -detoxification of foreign substances
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
______: circular, but bigger than ribosomes
Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”, small round structures
Function: to break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells by ____, Contain chemicals that break down certain materials in the cell (macromolecules).
Lysosomes; phagocytosis
_________
Nickname: The shippers
Function: receive proteins and other newly formed materials from the Endoplasmic Reticulum, packages, modifies, and transports materials to different locations inside/outside of the cell
Golgi Body/Apparatus
flatten stacks of interconnected membranes (pancakes)
Golgi Apparatus
____ is the highest taxonomic category, higher even than kingdom.
domain
What are the three domains of life?
Archaea (archaeobacteria)
Bacteria (eubacteria)
Eukarya
(a very heterogeneous group that are neither animals, plants or fungi and are often single cell and small e.g., protozoa).
protists
Bacteria which show a wide variety of shapes within a single species are said to be
______
Pleomorphic.
