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PHYANA > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

0
Q

-Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol
-Controls the entry and exit of substances
“Marker molecules” enable cells to recognize one another
-make contact with each other

A

Plasma Membrane

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1
Q

Contains genetic material of cell and nucleoli

-site of ribosomes and mRNA synthesis

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Increase the surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion
-Also specializations of plasma membrane

A

Microvilli

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3
Q

Ribosomal RNA and proteins from large and small subunits

  • Responsible for the movement of cell
  • Site of protein synthesis
A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

Cellular contents bet. plasma membrane and nucleus

-2 components: Cytosol and organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Maintains cell shape, organization an integrity

A

Cytoskeleton

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6
Q

Smallest protein filaments

A

Microfilaments

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7
Q

Largest protein filament

A

Microtubules

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8
Q

What are the 3 protein filaments of cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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9
Q

Pericentriolar area plus paired centrioles

9+0 array of microtubules

A

Centrosome

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10
Q

Serves as centers of organization microtubules

  • forms the mitotic spindle
  • determine cell polarity during cell division
A

Centrioles

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11
Q

Motile cell surface projections

9+2 array

A

Cilia & Flagella

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12
Q

Move substances across (over the surface)

-ensure steady flow

A

Cilia

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13
Q

Sperm cell

Move entire cell

A

Flagella

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14
Q

Composed of RNA and ribosomal proteins

Subunits: 40svedberg and 60s

A

Ribosome

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15
Q

Two types of ribosomes

A

Free and bound

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16
Q

Membranous network of flattened sacs and tubules

  • synthesize proteins for secretion
  • forms new membranes
  • for detoxification
A

ER

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17
Q

No attached ribosomes
Stores Ca
Detoxifies harmful chemicals

A

Smooth ER

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18
Q

With attached ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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19
Q

Modifies, sorts and transport products received by ER

A

Golgi Apparatus

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20
Q

Membrane enclosed vesicles 40 diff kinds of hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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21
Q

Containes enzymes that can oxidize organic substance

  • also called microbodies
  • oxidized amino acids
A

Peroxisomes

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22
Q

Enclosed by double membrane

-major sites of ATP synthesis when oxyges is available

A

Mitochondria

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23
Q

Break down proteins in the cytoplasm

-tube-like protein complex in the cytoplasm

A

Proteasomes

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24
Q

Movement of h2o molecules from higher to lower conc

A

Osmosis

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25
Q

Substances transported in diffusion

A 
Non-polar hydrophobic solute
O and C dioxide
N
Fatty acids
Glycerol and NH3
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26
Q

Passive diffusion of a substance through plasma membrane

A

Diffusion through the lipid bilayer

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27
Q 
Passive diffusion of a substance down its electrochemical gradient
Some channels are open to all
Transports:
>Small inorganic solutes
> K, Na, Cl and Ca
A

Diffusion through membrane channels

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28
Q 
Greater to lower conc with the aid of transporter proteins
Transports:
>polar solutes
>Glucose
>Fructose
>Urea
A

Facilitated diffusion

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29
Q

Movement of water and solutes through a membrane or capillary wall by hydrostatic pressure
Transports containing fluid

A

Filtration

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30
Q

Pressure required
Energy required ina form of ADP
Against its conc gradient

A

Active Transport Processes

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31
Q 
Solute pumps (Na and K)
Transmembrane that uses ATP
A

Primary Active Transport

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32
Q

Coupled transport of 2 substances
Energy is supplied by a Na or H conc gradient

Anti and sym

A

Secondary Active Transport

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33
Q

Same direction (e.g. Glucose/amino acids into the cells)

A

Symporters (Secondary)

34
Q

Opposite direction (e.g. Ca and H out of cells)

A

Antiporters (Secondary)

35
Q

Small membranous sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane

A

Vesicle

36
Q

Movement of substances into or out of the cell

A

Vesicular Transport

37
Q

In endocytosis, what is:
A) intercellular drinking
B) intercellular digestion

A

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

38
Q

In exocytosis, what is:
A) Transports bacteria, viruses, aged or dead cells
B) Solutes in extracellular fluid

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

39
Q

Division of cell’s chromosomes into w 2 new nuclei each has same amount and type of DNA
-somatic

A

Mitosis

40
Q

Where the cell exits

A

Restriction point

41
Q

Cells that cease division

-divide or. Ot, should be decided here

A

G1

42
Q

Where the cell goes when decided to exit

A

G0

43
Q

Where the cell divides

A

Sphase

44
Q

Very first germ cell

A

Primordial

45
Q

Where cell growth continues

A

G1

46
Q

Cell prepares to divide
Centrioles duplicate
Dispersed

A

Interphase

47
Q

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell; nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears

A

Prophase

48
Q

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association w the spindle fibers

A

Metaphase

49
Q

Some are attached to kinetochores in the centromere of each chromosome

A

Spindle fibers

50
Q

Chromosomes come in contact w spindle fibers at centromere

A

Prometaphase

51
Q

Chromatids separate
Cytokinesis begins at this stage
Will migrate to the opposite poles-pulled by the spindle fibers

A

Anaphase

52
Q

When tubulin is removed, spindle will be shorter

A

Dipolimeriztion

53
Q

Migration is completed
Chromosomes unravel to become less distinct chromatid threads
Divides cell into 2
New membrane forms daughter cells

A

Telophase

54
Q

When fiber ring composed of a protein around the center of the cell contracts pinching the cell into 2 daughter cells each with nucleus

A

Cytokinesis

55
Q

Comes before cytokinesis

A

Caryokinesis

56
Q

Undergone by egg cell

Reduction (46-23)

A

Meiosis

57
Q

What deploid number becomes in Meiosis 1

A

Haploid

58
Q

Chromosomes are thickening and shortening

A

Leptotone

59
Q

Undergoes pairing

Homologous chromosomes

A

Zygotene

60
Q

Crossing over

A

Pachytene

61
Q

Super coiling

Max. contraction

A

Diplotene

62
Q

Cell division happens in

A

Early in ana, late in meta

63
Q

Formation, maturation of male sex cells

A

Spermatogenesis

64
Q

First meiotic division – reductional in spermatogenesis

A

Primary spermatocyte

65
Q

2nd meiotic div.

A

Secondary spermatocyte

66
Q

First layer

A

Primordial cell

67
Q

Maturation of sex cells for female

A

Oogenesis

68
Q

1st meiotic div.

A

Primary oocyte

69
Q

2nd meiotic div – equational

A

Secondary oocyte

70
Q

Oocyte that is smaller

A

Polar body

71
Q

Second to the last

A

Ootid

72
Q

Last chromosome

A

Oxum

73
Q

Transfer of info DNA ➡️ RNA

A

Transcription

74
Q

Transfer of info RNA ➡️ Proteins (nucleic to amino acid)

A

Translation

75
Q

Sequence of 3 in mRNA

A

Codon

76
Q

Sequence of 3 in tRNA

A

Anticodon

77
Q

Start na ang protein synthesis

A

AUG

78
Q

Protein synthesis stops

A

UAG , UGA , UAA

79
Q

Chain of amino acid

A

Protein

80
Q

Protein synthesis process

A

Codon ➡️ Anticodon ➡️ Amino acid

81
Q

Nucleus to ribosome

A

MRNA

82
Q

Amino acids ➡️ ribosome

A

tRNA

83
Q

Will undergo aeriod of metamorphosis

Process is spermiogenesis

A

Spermatids

PHYANA (4 decks)

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