Cells Flashcards
-Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol
-Controls the entry and exit of substances
“Marker molecules” enable cells to recognize one another
-make contact with each other
Plasma Membrane
Contains genetic material of cell and nucleoli
-site of ribosomes and mRNA synthesis
Nucleus
Increase the surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion
-Also specializations of plasma membrane
Microvilli
Ribosomal RNA and proteins from large and small subunits
- Responsible for the movement of cell
- Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Cellular contents bet. plasma membrane and nucleus
-2 components: Cytosol and organelles
Cytoplasm
Maintains cell shape, organization an integrity
Cytoskeleton
Smallest protein filaments
Microfilaments
Largest protein filament
Microtubules
What are the 3 protein filaments of cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Pericentriolar area plus paired centrioles
9+0 array of microtubules
Centrosome
Serves as centers of organization microtubules
- forms the mitotic spindle
- determine cell polarity during cell division
Centrioles
Motile cell surface projections
9+2 array
Cilia & Flagella
Move substances across (over the surface)
-ensure steady flow
Cilia
Sperm cell
Move entire cell
Flagella
Composed of RNA and ribosomal proteins
Subunits: 40svedberg and 60s
Ribosome
Two types of ribosomes
Free and bound
Membranous network of flattened sacs and tubules
- synthesize proteins for secretion
- forms new membranes
- for detoxification
ER
No attached ribosomes
Stores Ca
Detoxifies harmful chemicals
Smooth ER
With attached ribosomes
Rough ER
Modifies, sorts and transport products received by ER
Golgi Apparatus
Membrane enclosed vesicles 40 diff kinds of hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosomes
Containes enzymes that can oxidize organic substance
- also called microbodies
- oxidized amino acids
Peroxisomes
Enclosed by double membrane
-major sites of ATP synthesis when oxyges is available
Mitochondria
Break down proteins in the cytoplasm
-tube-like protein complex in the cytoplasm
Proteasomes
Movement of h2o molecules from higher to lower conc
Osmosis
Substances transported in diffusion
Non-polar hydrophobic solute O and C dioxide N Fatty acids Glycerol and NH3
Passive diffusion of a substance through plasma membrane
Diffusion through the lipid bilayer
Passive diffusion of a substance down its electrochemical gradient Some channels are open to all Transports: >Small inorganic solutes > K, Na, Cl and Ca
Diffusion through membrane channels
Greater to lower conc with the aid of transporter proteins Transports: >polar solutes >Glucose >Fructose >Urea
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of water and solutes through a membrane or capillary wall by hydrostatic pressure
Transports containing fluid
Filtration
Pressure required
Energy required ina form of ADP
Against its conc gradient
Active Transport Processes
Solute pumps (Na and K) Transmembrane that uses ATP
Primary Active Transport
Coupled transport of 2 substances
Energy is supplied by a Na or H conc gradient
Anti and sym
Secondary Active Transport
Same direction (e.g. Glucose/amino acids into the cells)
Symporters (Secondary)
Opposite direction (e.g. Ca and H out of cells)
Antiporters (Secondary)
Small membranous sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane
Vesicle
Movement of substances into or out of the cell
Vesicular Transport
In endocytosis, what is:
A) intercellular drinking
B) intercellular digestion
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
In exocytosis, what is:
A) Transports bacteria, viruses, aged or dead cells
B) Solutes in extracellular fluid
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Division of cell’s chromosomes into w 2 new nuclei each has same amount and type of DNA
-somatic
Mitosis
Where the cell exits
Restriction point
Cells that cease division
-divide or. Ot, should be decided here
G1
Where the cell goes when decided to exit
G0
Where the cell divides
Sphase
Very first germ cell
Primordial
Where cell growth continues
G1
Cell prepares to divide
Centrioles duplicate
Dispersed
Interphase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell; nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears
Prophase
Chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association w the spindle fibers
Metaphase
Some are attached to kinetochores in the centromere of each chromosome
Spindle fibers
Chromosomes come in contact w spindle fibers at centromere
Prometaphase
Chromatids separate
Cytokinesis begins at this stage
Will migrate to the opposite poles-pulled by the spindle fibers
Anaphase
When tubulin is removed, spindle will be shorter
Dipolimeriztion
Migration is completed
Chromosomes unravel to become less distinct chromatid threads
Divides cell into 2
New membrane forms daughter cells
Telophase
When fiber ring composed of a protein around the center of the cell contracts pinching the cell into 2 daughter cells each with nucleus
Cytokinesis
Comes before cytokinesis
Caryokinesis
Undergone by egg cell
Reduction (46-23)
Meiosis
What deploid number becomes in Meiosis 1
Haploid
Chromosomes are thickening and shortening
Leptotone
Undergoes pairing
Homologous chromosomes
Zygotene
Crossing over
Pachytene
Super coiling
Max. contraction
Diplotene
Cell division happens in
Early in ana, late in meta
Formation, maturation of male sex cells
Spermatogenesis
First meiotic division – reductional in spermatogenesis
Primary spermatocyte
2nd meiotic div.
Secondary spermatocyte
First layer
Primordial cell
Maturation of sex cells for female
Oogenesis
1st meiotic div.
Primary oocyte
2nd meiotic div – equational
Secondary oocyte
Oocyte that is smaller
Polar body
Second to the last
Ootid
Last chromosome
Oxum
Transfer of info DNA ➡️ RNA
Transcription
Transfer of info RNA ➡️ Proteins (nucleic to amino acid)
Translation
Sequence of 3 in mRNA
Codon
Sequence of 3 in tRNA
Anticodon
Start na ang protein synthesis
AUG
Protein synthesis stops
UAG , UGA , UAA
Chain of amino acid
Protein
Protein synthesis process
Codon ➡️ Anticodon ➡️ Amino acid
Nucleus to ribosome
MRNA
Amino acids ➡️ ribosome
tRNA
Will undergo aeriod of metamorphosis
Process is spermiogenesis
Spermatids
