Cells Flashcards
When were cells discovered?
The seventeenth century.
All living things are made of ____
Cells
What is one of the only cells that can be seen with the naked eye?
An egg cell.
What invention made the discovery of cells possible?
The microscope
Why was Anton von Leewenhoek important to the discovery of cells?
He made one of the first microscope and was the first to observe cells and record his discovery as well as microscopic creatures.
What did Robert Hooke observe to discover cells?
Cork
What did the word cell come from?
The little boxes the cells looked like little rooms like cells.
Who discovered for certain that plants were made up of cells?
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann reported not only that animals were made up of cells, but that___
Cells made up all life.
Who finally concluded that spontaneous life did not exist?
Rudolf Birchow
What theory was made through the work of Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow?
Cell Theory
What are the three principals of Cell Theory?
All organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
Cells come only from reproduction of existing cells
Why do cells come in different appearances?
To allow them to do very different things.
How many types of cells are there?
Over 200 types.
How many types of cells do our bodies contain?
At least 200
The Female Egg Cell is the largest cell in ____
The body
What are the two reasons that cells are small?
It is beneficial to have a large surface area to bring in nutrients more conveniently.
If there is too much cytoplasm, the nucleus cannot control it.
What are the internal structures of cells?
Organelles
What are three things that are in common with all cells?
An outer boundary
An interior substance
A control region
The outer boundary is ___
The plasma membrane
Do organelles have their own plasma?
Yes
Does cytoplasm include the organelles?
Yes
What is the jelly substance of a cell?
Cytosol
What materials make up Cytosol?
Water, proteins, carbohydrates, salts, minerals and organic molecules.
What percent of Cytosol is protein?
20%
Do Prokaryotic cells have organelles?
No, everything inside a Prokarotic cell is free as free can be.
Eukaryotes are defined by____.
Having a nucleus and other organelles inside plasma.
What organisms make up Prokaryotes?
Unicellular organisms such as Bacteria and Archaea.
What is a Colonial Organism?
A group of identical cells that stay together and live symbiotically but do not have organelles.
Do Colony cells still take on separate roles?
Yes in fact they do.
How do tissues and organs form differently in plants?
Dermal Tissue makes up the outer layer, ground tissue make up most of the roots and the stem, vascular tissue transports nutrients and the only four organs are the roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
What is plasma composed of?
Lipids(fats) and proteins.
What is the membrane said to be?
Selectively permeable
What proteins make up the membrane?
Phosphate, joining with fats to make Phospolipid molecules.
Why are phospholipids good at supporting the membrane?
The molecule is highly polar. And will seek out water.
While phosphate is attracted to water are the fats?
No, it is polar and will repel.
How many layers is the membrane?
Two layers, called the lipid bilayer
Does a cell keep the same plasma it’s entire life?
No, the membrane is constantly being renewed.
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that stay along the outside of the plasma
What are proteins called inside the membrane?
Integral Proteins, all though some proteins can reach both sides.
What part of the plasma allows substances to pass?
The proteins
Are membranes solid?
No, they have the consistency of vegetable oil.
What are mosaics?
Another word for patterns
What is the modern design of the cell membrane?
The Fluid Mosaic Model
What is the nuclear matrix?
A protein skeleton to contain the nucleus.
How many nuclei do cells have?
Most cells only have one nuclei, but a few have several.
How many layers make up the Nuclear Envelope?
Two
What formations on the envelope aid the nucleus to communicate?
Little pores
A strand of DNA is___
Chromatin
What are Chromosomes?
Coils of chromatin
What is the organelle inside the neucleus?
The nucleolus
What is the function of a nucleolus?
They produce ribosomes which make proteins, however, during reproduction this organelle dissapears.
What is the term for the energy the mitochondria produce?
ATP
Do all cells have the same number of mitochondria?
No, muscle cells have much more than normal.
What are the functions of a mitochondria’s two membranes?
The outside is the normaler while the inside one known as Cristae makes squiggles so that it can make more chemical reactions along it.
What makes Ribosomes different from most other organelles?
Ribosomes do not have their own plasma
What are Ribosomes known for?
Protein Synthesising
Other than floating free in the cytoplasm, where else might Ribosomes be?
Along the membrane of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum look like?
Tubules and sacs surrounded by a membrane
What is the function of the ER?
To guide molecules to where they are needed.
Is there a set number of ER?
If the cell needs more ER for their job they will have them.
How do ER’s handle toxins?
Another function of the ER is purifying toxins
Where are ER’s found?
The ER connects the Nuclear Envelope to the main plasma.
What makes a smooth ER different from a rough one?
Rough ERs only deal with proteins while smooth ones deal with fats and sugars, they are involved with making steroids for gland cells, regulate calcium in muscles and break down toxins.
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
The GA processes and stores materials in the cell as well as produce Lysosomes.
What is the form of the GA
The Golgi is composed of storage sacs called Cisternae.
What are vesicles?
Vesicles are little storage spheres covered by a single membrane.
What do Lysosomes look like?
Lysosomes are spherical organelles who contain hydrolytic enzymes within a single membrane and they an break down anything, in the liver they change glycogen to sugars.
What is the term for lysosomes breaking down other organelles?
Autophagy
What is the term for the process that give lysosomes the nick name of the suicide sac?
Apoptosis
The digestion of damaged of extra cells is called ___.
Autolysis
Are lysosomes in all eukaryotic cells?
They are common in animals, fungi, protists, but are rare in plants.
What are Peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes neutralize dangerous molecules and ions as well as kill bacteria and break down alcohols as well as fatty acids so the mitochondria can use them with the hydrogen peroxide they carry.
What is the glyoxysome?
Glyoxysomes are in seeds to break down fats and feed the the growing embryo.
What is an endosome?
This is the hotchpotch of vesicles
What are contractile vacuoles?
These vesicles store excess water.
What maintains the shape of a cell?
The cytoskeleton
What make up this cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Each composed of proteins.
What are the largest strands of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, which like there name are tubes of tubulin, a protein, they make up centrioles during division to guide the rest of the cytoskeleton.
What are microfilaments?
Microfilaments resemble two twisted chains of actin, they contract to get the cell to move.
What are intermediate filaments?
These are rods that keep some of the organelles in place to maintain the internal shape, these rods also make up our hair.
What are cilia and flagella composed of?
Microtubules, one pair surrounded by nine others in eukaryotes, cilia keep dust out from our lungs.
What make plant cells unique?
Cell walls, vacuoles and plastids.
Organisms who make their own food are \__.
Autotrophs
Do fungi have cell walls?
Yes, but they are composed of chitin
What are plant cell Walls composed of?
Polysaccharide cellulose
What are the two sections of the plant cell wall?
The Primary cell wall is the basic mandatory cell wall, while the secondary may grow in between the plasma and the primary wall, it is very hard to make wood, once this is made the cell dies.
What is the purpose of the cell’s vacuole?
The vacuoles take up most of the cell and can store multiple things, toxins, proteins, waste and ect. When not in plants, vacuoles usually help in food digestion.
What are plastids?
These organelles make and store food, and are very similar to the mitochondria. Most are chloroplasts and they make plants green with their photosynthesis, done by their sacs of thylakoids. Chromoplasts store red orange pigments.
What is the prokaryote’s version of a neucleus?
A nucleoid
What is transcription?
Transcription is the cell’s process of making RNA copies of the DNA code for the use of ribosomes.
What is translation?
Translation is the process of ribosomes to read RNA messages.
What is a germ cell?
A germ cells are cells that make zygotes.
What are somatic cells?
Somatic cells are the nonrepeoductive cells of the body
How do somatic cells reproduce?
Through mitosis
How are germ cells made?
Meiosis
