Cells Flashcards
What is the difference between an atom & an ion?
Atoms are neutral
Irons have a positive (cation) or negative (anion) charge.
What are ionic bonds?
When electrons are transferred from one ion to another.
What are convalent bonds?
When irons bond into a group of molecules by sharing electrons.
What are the 5 ions in the body to remember?
Hydrogen (H+)
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Calcium (Ca2+)
What is kinetic energy?
Atoms that vibrate and move around, especially in gases or liquid.
What are molecules?
A group of atoms that form a chemical bond.
What are the 4 main organic molecules in the body?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
What are proteins used for?
• Provide strength- structural proteins
• Hormones- insulin
• Protect & defence- antibodies
• Haemoglobin- oxygen transport
• Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions
• Neurotransmitters- chemical signals
• Contractile Proteins- Actin & myocin for contraction of muscles.
What are Enzyme’s used for?
• Increase rate of chemical reactions
• Very specific to one substrate
• Often named after substrate eg: Maltase acts in Maltose.
What does pH refer to?
The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution.
What is tonicity?
The measurement of the effective osmotic pressure gradient
What is hypotonic?
Extra cellular fluid has lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water.
What effect does hypotonic have on a red blood cell?
Cell will swell and burst
What is hypertonic?
Extra cellular fluid has higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water.
What effects does hypertonic have on a red blood cell?
Cell will shrink & shrivel up smaller.
What is isotonic?
Extra cellular fluid and water has the same concentration of solutes - balanced
What effect does isotonic have in a red blood cell?
Cell will not change.
What is a solute?
The substance that dissolves in a solvent
What is a solvent?
The substance that dissolves the solute.
What is a solution?
The mixture of 2 or more substances.
Describe the steps of anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis broken down into pyruvic acid.
Happens on its own inside the cytosol of cell.
Produces 2 ATP molecules
Describe the steps of aerobic respiration.
• After glycolysis, Pyruvic acid is sent to the mitochondria.
• Krebs cycle is activated if O2 is present in the cell.
• CO2 & 2 ATP molecules are released.
• Electron Transport Cycle uses O2 to product 32 ATP molecules, heat & HO2.
What is the Golgi apparatus function?
Processing and packaging of proteins for transport.
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum function?
Protein folding and synthesis.
Final stage making of making proteins.
