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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell

A

Basic building block of all living organisms.

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2
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane

A

Forms a boundary to the cell and is selectively permeable, controlling what enters and leaves

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3
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Site of chemical reactions

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4
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Control centre, containing genetic information in the form of chromosomes

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5
Q

Function of nuclear membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves nucleus, boundary

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6
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of cell respiration

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7
Q

Function of a vacuole

A

Contains cell sap and provides support

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8
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll and place where photosynthesis takes place

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9
Q

Function of plasmids

A

Small circular rings of DNA

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10
Q

How to make a slide of plant cells

A

-peel small section of onion tissue and place on centre of microscope slide

  • add water using a drop pipette to the onion tissue to stop it drying out
  • gently lower a coverslip onto onion cell. Cover slip will protect the lens if it should make contact with the slide, and prevents cell drying out
  • set slide onto stage of the microscope. And examine using low power first and then high power
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11
Q

How to make a slide for animal cells

A
  • using your nail gently inside of your cheek
  • smear material gathered into centre of microscope slide
  • carefully lower cover slip on top to protect the lens if it should make contact with slide and to prevent cell from drying out
  • observe using a light microscope; first at low power and then high power
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12
Q

Why should you always start examining on low power

A

Greater field of view and easier to focus at low than high

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13
Q

Triangle for magnification

A

I

A. M

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14
Q

What does the triangle I. STAND FOR
A. M

A

Image

Actual size

Magnification

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15
Q

Standard form of a millimetre in metres

A

-3
10. M

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16
Q

Standard form for a micro metre in metres and millimetres a

A

-6
10. M

   -3.    10.         Mm
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17
Q

How many millimetres in a metre

A

1000

18
Q

How many micro metres in a millimetre and therefore metre

A

1000 in a mm

1 000 000 in a m

19
Q

What is a electron microscope

A

Beams of electrons through a specimen rather than light beams to form a image, allows a greater resolution

20
Q

What is resolution

A

Describes the Ability of a microscope to preserve detail when magnifying. Resolution is the ability to see two separate points as distinct entities

21
Q

Two advantages of electron microscopes

A

See structures we previously weren’t aware of

See internal detail of cell structures like nucleus or chloroplasts

22
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Cells that have the ability to divide and produce different types of cell

23
Q

What are the two types of stem cells in animals

A

Adult and Embryonic

24
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Stem cells that can divide to form cells of the same general type

Eg: bone marrow cells can only form different types of blood cells

25
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Stem cells that form embryos or the umbilical cord can form a full range of cells in the body

26
Q

After a number of divisions of animal cells what happens

A

They become specialised cells which are adapted for particular functions

27
Q

Where do stem cells originate in plants

A

Meristems at root apices and shoot apices or tips

28
Q

How can bone marrow stem cells be used to treat leukaemia

A

Bone marrow transplants have the ability to produce different types of blood cells in the right proportions. (Which doesn’t happen if you have leukaemia)

29
Q

Benefits of stem cells in medicine

A

Diseases such as leukaemia can be treated

Replacement of body parts including replacement organs

30
Q

Risks or ethical considerations on stem cells in medicine

A

Leukaemia pre treatment can involve radio or chemotherapy which can kill healthy cells as well

The transfer of viruses or diseases from other animals

Formation of tumours or the development of unwanted cell types

31
Q

What has to be done to stem cell research

A

Peer review

32
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration

33
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion

A

The higher the temperature, the faster the diffusion due to greater kinetic energy of the molecules

34
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

The greater the surface area the faster the rate if diffusion as more area over which diffusion can occur

35
Q

How does the concentration affect the rate of diffusion

A

The greater the gradient the greater the rate of diffusion

36
Q

What is a tissue

A

Groups of cells with similar structures and functions

37
Q

What is a organ

A

Groups of different tissues working together to form a structure with a particular function

38
Q

What is a organ system

A

Organs organised into organ systems

39
Q

What is a organism

A

Different organ systems make up a organism

40
Q

As organisms get larger what happens

A

The surface area to volume ratio decreases

41
Q

What is the consequence of organisms getting larger and the surface area to volume ratio decreasing

A

Means organisms need to increase the surface area across which molecules can diffuse, they do this through specialised exchange surfaces eg : lungs and gills

42
Q

One reason why people might be ethically against to stem cells

A

Designer babies

Biology (6 decks)

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