Cells

Question 1

What are stem cells?

Answer 1

Unspecialized cells that can continuously divide and replicate and can differentiate into specialized cells

Question 2

How do stem cells differentiate ?

Answer 2

While developing stem cells change as they mature by chemical signals released activating different genes (instructions)

Question 3

Totipotent

Answer 3

can differentiate into ANY type of cell

Question 4

pluripotent

Answer 4

can differentiate into MANY types of cell

Question 5

multipotent

Answer 5

can differentiate into a few related types of cell

Question 6

Unipotent

Answer 6

can regenerate but only differentiate into one type of cell. (liver to liver cell)

Question 7

Red Blood

Answer 7

carries hemoglobin that transports O2 and CO2

Question 8

Skin

Answer 8

forms junctions with other cells to create barrier

Question 9

Muscle

Answer 9

forms bundles to allow movement

Question 10

White Blood

Answer 10

Destroy pathogens like bacteria

Question 11

Nerve

Answer 11

conducts electrical impulses for communication within the body

Question 12

bone

Answer 12

collect calcium to create a structure

Question 13

sperm

Answer 13

contains a flagella to transport DNA to an egg

Question 14

fat

Answer 14

stores lipids and carbohydrates to be used for energy

Question 15

what are the 2 types of stem cells

Answer 15

embryonic (pluripotent) and tissue (Multipotent)

Question 16

where can stem cells come from?

Answer 16

embryos, umbilical (multipotent), adult tissues (bone marrow)

Question 17

ease and ethics of extraction: adult

Answer 17

Difficult to obtain cuz buried deep in tissues like bone, liver and skin/adult can give permission for extraction (reduced potential/lower risk of tumor growth)

Question 18

ease and ethics of extraction: Embryo

Answer 18

can be obtained by excess embryos made by the IVF program/only obtained by destruction of embryo (almost unlimited growth/high risk tumor)

Question 19

ease and ethics of extraction: Cord blood

Answer 19

easily obtained and stored but in limited quantity/umbilical cord is removed at birth and discarded anyway whether or not for stem cell usage (reduced potential/lower risk of tumor growth)

Question 20

process of stem cell therapy

Answer 20

use of biochemical to trigger stem cell differentiation
surgical implatation
suppression of immune system
careful monitoring for cancerous shenanigans

Question 21

leukima

Answer 21

bone marrow treatment

Question 22

paraplegia

Answer 22

repair spinal injuries to regain movement

Question 23

diabetes

Answer 23

replace islet cells with cells capable of producing insulin in type 1 diabetics

Question 24

burn victims

Answer 24

graft new skin cells to replace damaged ones

Question 25

ethical issues of stem cells

Answer 25

adult = limited application cuz multipotent
embryo = greatest yield of pluripotent at cost of destruction of life
umbilical = stored at a cost meaning inaccessible (pluripotent)

Question 26

benifits of somatic nuclear

Answer 26

like actual embryos but requires creation of embryo

Question 27

benifits of nuclear

Answer 27

same makeup as donor but virus and disease could live inside.