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cells Flashcards

1
Q

anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

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2
Q

chloroplasts (plant cell only)

A

Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.

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3
Q

plant cell

A

Have chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and a cell wall; generally rectangular due to the rigid cell wall.

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4
Q

purpose of cell division

A

Cell division allows organisms to grow, repair damaged tissue, and reproduce.

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5
Q

cell membrane

A

Semi-permeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.

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6
Q

lysosomes

A

Contains enzymes that digest waste materials and cellular debris.

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7
Q

parts of a microscope

A

body tube, nose piece, low power, medium power, high power, stage clips, diaphragm, light source, eyepiece, arm, stage, course adjustment, fine adjustment, base

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8
Q

Malignant

A

Cancerous tumours that can invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).

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9
Q

diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

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10
Q

importance of mitosis

A

Mitosis is crucial for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction. It ensures each new cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

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11
Q

mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus, includes four phases (PMAT).

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12
Q

interphase

A

The cell grows and DNA is replicated.
G1 (Gap 1): The cell grows and carries out normal functions.
S (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs.
G2 (Gap 2): The cell prepares for mitosis

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13
Q

osmosis

A

when water moves through a membrane from a place with less dissolved stuff to a place with more dissolved stuff.

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14
Q

metaphase

A

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

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15
Q

cancer treatments

A

cancer Treatments:
Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the cancer type and stage.

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16
Q

animal cell

A

Do not have chloroplasts or a cell wall and usually have smaller, multiple vacuoles; more flexible and round in shape.

17
Q

cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.

18
Q

telophase

A

Nuclear membranes reform around chromosomes, which begin to unwind.

19
Q

difference between a normal cell and a cancer cell

A

Normal cells grow, divide, and die in a regulated way. Cancer cells grow uncontrollably, bypassing regulatory signals and forming tumours.

20
Q

nucleus

A

Contains genetic material (DNA); controls cell activities. Located in the center of the cell.

21
Q

mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence, which can lead to changes in proteins, sometimes causing diseases or differences in traits.

22
Q

dna

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a molecule that holds the instructions for making and keeping an organism alive.

23
Q

types of cancer

A

lung, breast, bone, skin, leukemia, prostate

24
Q

beign

A

Non-cancerous tumours that do not spread.

25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport.

26
Q

prophase

A

Chromosomes condense, spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane dissolves.

27
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER: Has ribosomes attached, helps modify and fold proteins.
Smooth ER: Makes lipids (fats) and removes harmful substances from the cell.

28
Q

why is dna important

A

DNA determines the characteristics of an organism, plays a role in heredity, and is essential for all cellular functions.

29
Q

cell wall (plant cell only)

A

Rigid outer layer that provides structural support and protection.

30
Q

cancer prevention

A

Prevention includes lifestyle choices like avoiding tobacco, eating a healthy diet, regular physical activity, protecting skin from UV rays, and regular screenings for early detection.

31
Q

cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

32
Q

mitochondria

A

Produces energy (ATP) for the cell through cellular respiration. Found in the cytoplasm.

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesizes proteins; found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

34
Q

vacuole

A

Stores nutrients, waste products, and other materials; in plants, a large central vacuole also maintains cell structure.

35
Q

dna located

A

DNA is located in the nucleus

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