cells Flashcards
anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
chloroplasts (plant cell only)
Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.
plant cell
Have chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and a cell wall; generally rectangular due to the rigid cell wall.
purpose of cell division
Cell division allows organisms to grow, repair damaged tissue, and reproduce.
cell membrane
Semi-permeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.
lysosomes
Contains enzymes that digest waste materials and cellular debris.
parts of a microscope
body tube, nose piece, low power, medium power, high power, stage clips, diaphragm, light source, eyepiece, arm, stage, course adjustment, fine adjustment, base
Malignant
Cancerous tumours that can invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).
diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
importance of mitosis
Mitosis is crucial for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction. It ensures each new cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
mitosis
Division of the nucleus, includes four phases (PMAT).
interphase
The cell grows and DNA is replicated.
G1 (Gap 1): The cell grows and carries out normal functions.
S (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs.
G2 (Gap 2): The cell prepares for mitosis
osmosis
when water moves through a membrane from a place with less dissolved stuff to a place with more dissolved stuff.
metaphase
Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
cancer treatments
cancer Treatments:
Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the cancer type and stage.
animal cell
Do not have chloroplasts or a cell wall and usually have smaller, multiple vacuoles; more flexible and round in shape.
cell theory
All living things are composed of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
telophase
Nuclear membranes reform around chromosomes, which begin to unwind.
difference between a normal cell and a cancer cell
Normal cells grow, divide, and die in a regulated way. Cancer cells grow uncontrollably, bypassing regulatory signals and forming tumours.
nucleus
Contains genetic material (DNA); controls cell activities. Located in the center of the cell.
mutation
a change in the DNA sequence, which can lead to changes in proteins, sometimes causing diseases or differences in traits.
dna
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a molecule that holds the instructions for making and keeping an organism alive.
types of cancer
lung, breast, bone, skin, leukemia, prostate
beign
Non-cancerous tumours that do not spread.
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport.
prophase
Chromosomes condense, spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane dissolves.
endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER: Has ribosomes attached, helps modify and fold proteins.
Smooth ER: Makes lipids (fats) and removes harmful substances from the cell.
why is dna important
DNA determines the characteristics of an organism, plays a role in heredity, and is essential for all cellular functions.
cell wall (plant cell only)
Rigid outer layer that provides structural support and protection.
cancer prevention
Prevention includes lifestyle choices like avoiding tobacco, eating a healthy diet, regular physical activity, protecting skin from UV rays, and regular screenings for early detection.
cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
mitochondria
Produces energy (ATP) for the cell through cellular respiration. Found in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins; found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
vacuole
Stores nutrients, waste products, and other materials; in plants, a large central vacuole also maintains cell structure.
dna located
DNA is located in the nucleus
