Cells Flashcards
Describe prokaryotic cells
Found in bacteria and cyano bacteria
In the kingdom prokaryotae
Describe eukaryotic cells
Found in all organisms in the kingdoms
Protoctisa
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
How do algal cells compare to plant cells?
Algae carry out photosynthesis like plants however unlike plants, they can be unicellular or multicellular
Chloroplast and many algal cells are a different shape and size from plant chloroplast
Some algae have one large chloroplast rather than several small chloroplast
How do fungal cells compare to plant cells ?
Fungi can be multicellular or unicellular
Walls are made from chitlin
Don’t photosynthesise
Structure of nucleus
Nuclear envelope-double membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm -granular jelly like material
Chromosomes-protein-bound linear DNA
Nucleolus-smaller sphere which is the site of rRNA production and make ribosomes
Describe the function of DNA
Site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA)
Contains the genetic code for each cell
Describe the structure of endoplasmic reticulum
Rough and smooth ER both have folded membranes called cisternae
Rough have ribosomes on the cisternae
Function of endoplasmic reticulum
RER-protein synthesis
SER-synthesis and store lipids and carbs
Describe the structure of Golgi apparatus and vesicles
Folded membranes having cisternae
Secretary vesicles pinch off from the cisternae
Describe the function of Golgi apparatus
Add carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes
Secrete carbohydrates
Transport modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes
Molecules are labelled with their destination
Finished products are transported to cell surface in Golgi vesicles where they fuse with the membrane and contents are released
Describe the structure of lysosomes
Bags of digestive enzymes
Describe the function of lysosomes
Hydrolyse phagocytic cells
Completely break down dead cells(auto lysis )
Exocytosis -release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material
Digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials
Describe the structure of mitochondria
Double membrane
Inner membrane called the cristae
Fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
Loop of mitochondrial dna
Describe the structure of mitochondria
Double membrane
Inner membrane called the cristae
Fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
Loop of mitochondrial dna
Describe mitochondria function
Site of aerobic respiration
Site of ATP production
DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration
Describe mitochondria function
Site of aerobic respiration
Site of ATP production
DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration
Describe the structure of ribosomes
Small-made up of two sub units of protein and rRNA
80S-large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells (25nm)
70S-smaller ribosome found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts
Describe the function of ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Describe the function of ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Describe the structure of a vacuole
Filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast
Describe the function of a vacuole
Makes cells turgid -provides support
Temporary stores of sugars and amino acids
Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinatiors
Describe the structure of chloroplasts
Surrounded by double membrane
Contains thylakoids (folded membranes embedded with pigment)
Fluid filled storms contains enzymes for photosynthesis
Found in plants
Describe the function of chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
Describe the structure of a cell wall
Found in plants and fungi
Plants-made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer
Fungi Made of chitlin a nitrogen containing polysaccharide
Describe the function of cell wall
Provides structural strength to cell
Describe the structure of a cell membrane
Found in all cells
Phospholipid bilayer -molecules embed within and attached on the outside (proteins carbs cholesterol)
Describe the function of cell membrane
Controls the entrance and exit of molecules
Give an example of how cell ultra structure relates to function
Mitochondria produce ATP used as a temporary source of energy cells that have mitochondria require a lot of ATP and therefore have a high rate of metabolism
In terms of size, which cell is smaller in terms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
Have a cytoplasm the lacks membrane bound organelles
Small ribosomes
No nucleus instead they have a circular DNA molecule that is free in the cytoplasm and not associated with proteins
Cell wall that contains murein a glycol protein
What are additional features that many prokaryotic cells have?
One or more plasmids
A capsule Surrounding the cell
One or more flagella
Describe algae
Algae carry out photosynthesis like plants however on my plants, they may be unicellular or multicellular
Describe the difference between algal cells and plant cells
The cells are a lot like plant cells
Chloroplast and many algal cells are a different shape and size from plant chloroplast
Some algae have one large chloroplast rather than several small chloroplast
Describe fungal cells
Fungal cells can be multicellular or unicellular
Cells are a lot like plant cells but there are two key differences:
Walls are made from chitin
Don’t photosynthesise
Define differentiation
The process by which the cells become specialised for different functions
What do following differentiation cells have?
Different shapes different in size different number of organelles and they produce different proteins
Define cells/specialised cells
The basic structural and functional unit of life forms they are formed using and contain many biological molecules
Define tissues
Group of similar cells which carry out a particular function
Define organ system
Oregon system is an aggregation of organs carrying out specific psychological function more efficiently
What tissues are in the thyroid?
Epithelial and glandular
What tissues are in the kidney?
Vascular ,epithelial and glandular
What tissues are in the lungs?
Epithelial and elastic
What tissues are in the bladder?
Nervous, elastic, epithelial
What tissues are in the liver?
Epithelial and glandular
What tissues are in the intestines?
Muscle, epithelial, glandular
What tissues are in the brain?
Nervous and epithelial
What tissues are in the heart?
Endothelial and nervous
What tissues are in the stomach?
Nervous, elastic and epithelial
Describe a virus
20 to 300 nm
It contains genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Protein coat (the capsid)
Attachment proteins
