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AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

Found in bacteria and cyano bacteria
In the kingdom prokaryotae

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2
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

Found in all organisms in the kingdoms
Protoctisa
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae

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3
Q

How do algal cells compare to plant cells?

A

Algae carry out photosynthesis like plants however unlike plants, they can be unicellular or multicellular

Chloroplast and many algal cells are a different shape and size from plant chloroplast

Some algae have one large chloroplast rather than several small chloroplast

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4
Q

How do fungal cells compare to plant cells ?

A

Fungi can be multicellular or unicellular
Walls are made from chitlin
Don’t photosynthesise

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5
Q

Structure of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope-double membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm -granular jelly like material
Chromosomes-protein-bound linear DNA
Nucleolus-smaller sphere which is the site of rRNA production and make ribosomes

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6
Q

Describe the function of DNA

A

Site of DNA replication and transcription (making mRNA)

Contains the genetic code for each cell

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7
Q

Describe the structure of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough and smooth ER both have folded membranes called cisternae

Rough have ribosomes on the cisternae

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8
Q

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

RER-protein synthesis
SER-synthesis and store lipids and carbs

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9
Q

Describe the structure of Golgi apparatus and vesicles

A

Folded membranes having cisternae
Secretary vesicles pinch off from the cisternae

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10
Q

Describe the function of Golgi apparatus

A

Add carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes
Secrete carbohydrates
Transport modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes
Molecules are labelled with their destination
Finished products are transported to cell surface in Golgi vesicles where they fuse with the membrane and contents are released

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11
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes

A

Bags of digestive enzymes

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12
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A

Hydrolyse phagocytic cells
Completely break down dead cells(auto lysis )
Exocytosis -release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material
Digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials

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13
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane called the cristae
Fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
Loop of mitochondrial dna

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14
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane called the cristae
Fluid centre called the mitochondrial matrix
Loop of mitochondrial dna

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15
Q

Describe mitochondria function

A

Site of aerobic respiration
Site of ATP production
DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration

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16
Q

Describe mitochondria function

A

Site of aerobic respiration
Site of ATP production
DNA to code for enzymes needed in respiration

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17
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes

A

Small-made up of two sub units of protein and rRNA
80S-large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells (25nm)
70S-smaller ribosome found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts

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18
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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19
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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20
Q

Describe the structure of a vacuole

A

Filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast

21
Q

Describe the function of a vacuole

A

Makes cells turgid -provides support
Temporary stores of sugars and amino acids
Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinatiors

22
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts

A

Surrounded by double membrane
Contains thylakoids (folded membranes embedded with pigment)
Fluid filled storms contains enzymes for photosynthesis
Found in plants

23
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

24
Q

Describe the structure of a cell wall

A

Found in plants and fungi

Plants-made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer

Fungi Made of chitlin a nitrogen containing polysaccharide

25
Q

Describe the function of cell wall

A

Provides structural strength to cell

26
Q

Describe the structure of a cell membrane

A

Found in all cells
Phospholipid bilayer -molecules embed within and attached on the outside (proteins carbs cholesterol)

27
Q

Describe the function of cell membrane

A

Controls the entrance and exit of molecules

28
Q

Give an example of how cell ultra structure relates to function

A

Mitochondria produce ATP used as a temporary source of energy cells that have mitochondria require a lot of ATP and therefore have a high rate of metabolism

29
Q

In terms of size, which cell is smaller in terms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

30
Q

How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

A

Have a cytoplasm the lacks membrane bound organelles

Small ribosomes

No nucleus instead they have a circular DNA molecule that is free in the cytoplasm and not associated with proteins

Cell wall that contains murein a glycol protein

31
Q

What are additional features that many prokaryotic cells have?

A

One or more plasmids
A capsule Surrounding the cell
One or more flagella

32
Q

Describe algae

A

Algae carry out photosynthesis like plants however on my plants, they may be unicellular or multicellular

33
Q

Describe the difference between algal cells and plant cells

A

The cells are a lot like plant cells

Chloroplast and many algal cells are a different shape and size from plant chloroplast

Some algae have one large chloroplast rather than several small chloroplast

34
Q

Describe fungal cells

A

Fungal cells can be multicellular or unicellular
Cells are a lot like plant cells but there are two key differences:
Walls are made from chitin
Don’t photosynthesise

35
Q

Define differentiation

A

The process by which the cells become specialised for different functions

36
Q

What do following differentiation cells have?

A

Different shapes different in size different number of organelles and they produce different proteins

37
Q

Define cells/specialised cells

A

The basic structural and functional unit of life forms they are formed using and contain many biological molecules

38
Q

Define tissues

A

Group of similar cells which carry out a particular function

39
Q

Define organ system

A

Oregon system is an aggregation of organs carrying out specific psychological function more efficiently

40
Q

What tissues are in the thyroid?

A

Epithelial and glandular

41
Q

What tissues are in the kidney?

A

Vascular ,epithelial and glandular

42
Q

What tissues are in the lungs?

A

Epithelial and elastic

43
Q

What tissues are in the bladder?

A

Nervous, elastic, epithelial

44
Q

What tissues are in the liver?

A

Epithelial and glandular

45
Q

What tissues are in the intestines?

A

Muscle, epithelial, glandular

46
Q

What tissues are in the brain?

A

Nervous and epithelial

47
Q

What tissues are in the heart?

A

Endothelial and nervous

48
Q

What tissues are in the stomach?

A

Nervous, elastic and epithelial

49
Q

Describe a virus

A

20 to 300 nm

It contains genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Protein coat (the capsid)
Attachment proteins

AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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