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AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe chromosome

A

Chromatids attached to a centromere

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2
Q

What must happen for a cell to divide?

A

Organelles must replicate
DNA must replicate
cells must grow

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3
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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4
Q

Describe stage 1 of cell cycle

A

Interphase:no actual division during this phase , cell preparing for division

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5
Q

Describe interphase G1

A

Protein synthesis of those from which cell organelles are produced(transcription/ translation)

Organelles replicate

Size of cell increases

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6
Q

Describe interphase S phase

A

Semi conservative DNA replication

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7
Q

Describe interphase G2

A

Energy stores are increased
Organelles grow and divide
Size of cell continues to increase
Replicated chromosomes are checked for error and repaired

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8
Q

Describe stage 2 of the cell cycle

A

Mitosis : one set of chromosomes pulled to each end of cell

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9
Q

Describe stage 3 of cell cycle

A

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm /cell membrane divides to form two genetically identical cells

Both cells also receive sub cellular structures eg mitochondria and ribosomes from parent cellsv

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10
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Growth of new cells
repair of damaged tissue
asexual reproduction

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11
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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12
Q

Describe prophase

A

Chromosomes condensed, getting shorter and fatter

Centrioles moved opposite end of cell

two chromatids attached by centometre

nuclear envelope disappears

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13
Q

Describe metaphase

A

Spindle apparatus forms in cytoplasm

Chromosomes arrange themselves at the equator of cell

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14
Q

Describe anaphase

A

Spindle fibres attached to the chromatids contract and shorten

sister chromatids are separated to opposite poles of cells

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15
Q

Describe telophase

A

Chromosomes reach poles and become indistinct
nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform
spindle disintegrate
cell division – division of cytoplasm

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16
Q

Why are the chromosomes v shaped ?

A

Separation of chromosomes so they’re v shaped

17
Q

Describe the steps in phagocytosis

A

The phagocyte is attracted to the pathogens by chemoattractants and move towards the pathogen along the concentration gradient.

The phagocyte binds to the pathogen

the lysosomes within the phagocyte towards the phagosome formed by engulfing the bacterium.

The lysosomes released the lytic enzymes into the zoom where they break down the bacterium

the breakdown products of the bacterium absorbed by the phagocyte

18
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Movement of large molecules into cells using vesicles e.g. phagocytosis

19
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Movement of lodge molecules out of cells using vesicles. The phagolysosome fuses with the cell membrane and releases the debris from the broken down pathogen.

20
Q

How did T cells respond to foreign antigen?

A

A phagocyte has engulfed the pathogen and displays the antigen on its surface

The antigen is displayed to many different T cells in the lymph node

Clonal selection – stimulated t cell divides many times

Helper t cell – these secrete chemicals which stimulate phagocyte cells, stimulate the cell to produce antibodies and killer t cells

Killer T cells – these bind to cells presenting the complementary antigen

21
Q

Describe performing

A

Causes perforation in the cell membrane making the cell fully permanently perforated

22
Q

Describe t lymphocytes

A

Matures in the thyroid gland

involved in some mediated immunity

Responds to foreign material inspired body cells

Responds to own cells altered by viruses or cancer to transplanted tissue

23
Q

Describe b lymphocytes

A

Matures in bone marrow

Involved in humoural immunity

Produces antibodies

Responds to foreign material outside body cells

Responds to bacteria and viruses

AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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