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cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of a nucleus

A

contains the DNA ehich codes for protein synthesis

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2
Q

what is the function of the nucelar envelope

A

seperates the DNA from the cytoplasm

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3
Q

what is the function of the nucelar pore

A

allows the transport of mRNA (out of nucelus)

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4
Q

what is the function of the nucelolus

A

synthesis of rRNA and robosomes

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5
Q

what is the structure of ribosomes

A
  • consists of 2 subunits made from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein - large and small subunit
  • can be free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
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6
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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7
Q

what is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • forms a system of flattened sacs (cisternae) which are continuos with the nuclear membrane and may link to the Glori appartus
  • RER has ribosomes attached
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8
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

transports proteins which are synthesised by the ribosomes attached

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9
Q

what is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • forms a system of flattened sacs (cisternae) which are continuous with the nuclear membrane and may link to the golgi apparatus
  • has no ribosomes attaches
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10
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

the synthesis and transport of lipids

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11
Q

what is the structure of the Golgi body/ apparatus

A
  • is a similar structure to ER however is more compact
  • surrounded by vesticies
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12
Q

what is the function of the Golgi body/ apparatus

A
  • chemically modifies proteins
  • produces lysosomes
  • produces glycoproteins
  • packages proteins for secretion out of the cell
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13
Q

what is the strcuture of the mitochondria

A
  • rod shaped and 1-10 micrometres diametre
  • has a double membrane, the inner and outer membrane
  • the membranes are separated by a narrow fluid filled inner membrane space
  • the inner membrane is folded to form structures called cristae
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14
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A
  • the site of aerboc respiration which synthesises ATP
  • the cristae increases the suface area on which part of the respiratory process takes place
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15
Q

what is the structure of vacuoles/vesticles (animal)

A
  • small membrane bound organelle
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16
Q

what is the function of vacuoles/vesticles (animal)

A
  • act as a contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic pressure
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17
Q

what is the structure of vacuoles/vesticles (plant)

A
  • large membrane bound organelle surrounded by a tonoplast
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18
Q

what is the function of the vacuoles/vesticles (plant)

A
  • storage of ions and organic molecules (eg proteins and maintaining osmotic pressure)
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19
Q

what is the structure of centrioles

A
  • consists of two hollow cylinders postitioned at right angles to one another
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20
Q

what is the function of centrioles

A

are used in spindle fromation (microtubes) in cell division

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21
Q

what is the structure of lysosomes

A
  • 1.0 um in diametre
  • small vacuoles fromed when small prtions of the golgi body are pinched off
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22
Q

what are the function of lysosomes

A
  • they contain and isolate digestive enzymes
  • they can release these enzymes and destroy organelles
  • digestion of materials which has been taken into the cell
  • eg white blood cells engulf bacteria by phagocytosis and the lysosomes are used in the digestion of the bacterium
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23
Q

what is the structure of the chloroplast

A
  • 2-10 um in diametre, 1um thick
  • have a double memebrane
  • the interior is made up of a fluid called stroma, ribosomes, lipids, circular DNA and starch granuales
  • there are thylakoids (flattened sacs) these form stacks which are called granum. each granum has 2-100 thylakoids between the grana the thylakoids from iamellae
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24
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • the thylakoids contain photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll
25
Q

what is the structure of cellulose cell wall

A
  • made of cellulose microfibrils in a polysaccharide matrix
26
Q

what is the function of cellulose cell wall

A
  • prevent osmotic lysis (cell bursting)
  • to provide strength and support
  • freely permeable to water
27
Q

what is the structure of the plasmodesmata

A
  • a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell wall of adjacent plant cells
28
Q

what is the function of the plasmodesmata

A
  • exchange of large organic materials via cytoplasmic streaming
29
Q

what does the production of protein by a cell mean

A

relationships between organelles working together to produce protein within a cell

30
Q

what is a tissue

A

is a group of similar cells working together to perform a function

31
Q

what is an organ

A

Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function

32
Q

whats the organism order

A

simple molecule
complex molecule
cell
tissue
organ
system
organism

33
Q

whats the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cells

A

prokaryote doesnt have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

34
Q

what is endosymbiosis

A

when an organism lives within the body or cells of another organism, usually mutualistic relationship

35
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryote cells

36
Q

what is the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A

the facts that mitochondria, chloroplasts and prokaryotic cells:
are all the same size
divide into two by binary fission
have their own DNA which is circular
have their own ribosomes which are 70s

37
Q

whats the process of turning a ancestral prokaryotie to an ancestral eukaryote

A

ancestral prokrayote-> infolding of plasma membrabne -> endosymbiosis-> ancestral eukaryote

37
Q

why are viruses not considered to be living organisms/cells

A

dont have a cytoplasm
needs host to reproduce
cant grow
has no ribosomes

38
Q

what are the characteristics of life

A
  • movement
  • respiration
  • sensitivity
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • excretion
  • nutrition
39
Q

what is included in the simple virus structure

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

40
Q

what are the stages of protein production

A
  1. the nucleus manufactures mRNA which is needed by ribosomes to make proteins
  2. the ribosomes in the RER make proteins
  3. the RER processes the proteins which are then sent in vesicles to the golgi body
  4. the golgi body further processes the proteins and sends them in vesicles to the plasma membrane
  5. the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete the finished protein product
41
Q

what organelles are in a bacteria cell

A

plasmids
nucleoid/naked DNA
pili
mesosome
flagellum
cell wall
cytoplasm
slime capsule

42
Q

what is a plasmid

A

small loops of DNA
used in cell sharing and antibacterial resistance

43
Q

what is a pili

A

help attach to other bacterial surfaces

44
Q

what is a mesosome

A

site of aerobic respiration and large SA so more ATP

45
Q

what is a slime capsule

A

slimy layer that protects the cell

46
Q

types of human tissues

A

connective
muscle
epithelial

47
Q

whats the function of connective tissue

A

supports, connects, seperates different types of organs and tissues

48
Q

whats the structure of connective tissue

A

cells are contained within an extracellular matrix/fluid and may be surrounded by elastic or collagenous fibres

49
Q

what are the types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

50
Q

what is the structure and function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

used in locomotion in mamals
bands of long cells/fibres giving powerful contractions

51
Q

what is the structure and function of smooth muscle tissue

A

individual spindle-shaped cell within contract rhythmically but not as powerful
found in blood vessels wals, digestive/respiartory tracts

52
Q

whats the structure and function of cardiac tissue

A

cells have stripes but lack long fibres
contract rhythmically with some force but dont tire

53
Q

what are the features of epithelial tissues

A

covers and lines the body
all sit on a basment membrane

54
Q

what are the types of epithelial tissue

A

cupoidal
columnar
squamous

55
Q

what is the structure and location of cupoidal tissue

A

cube shaped and 1 cell thick
lines kidney tubues and ducts of glands

56
Q

what is the structure and location of columar tissue

A

cells are more rectangular, may have cilia present
eg lining trachea

57
Q

what is the structure and location of sqamous tissue

A

consists of flattened cells
found in alveoli and lining arteries

biology core components (8 decks)

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