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biology core components > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is ATP

A

adenotriphosphate
- form of energy
-formed when large carbohydrates molecules are broken down

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2
Q

what is a protein monomer

A

amino acids

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3
Q

what is a protein polymer

A

polypeptides

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4
Q

what is a carbohydrate monomer

A

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

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5
Q

what is a carbohyadrate polymer

A

polysaccharide

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6
Q

what is a nucleic monomer

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

what is a nucleic polymer

A

polynucleotides

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8
Q

what do carbohydrates contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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9
Q

what does the glucose molecule look like

A

draw molecule

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10
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides

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11
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates

A
  • instant energy
  • transportable, stoarble forms of energy
  • structural materials
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12
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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13
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose lactose

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14
Q

how do you make maltose

A

alpha glucose + alpha glucose

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15
Q

how do you make sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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16
Q

how do you make lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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17
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose,chitin

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18
Q

how do you make starch

A

polymer of a glucose (amylose and amylopectin

19
Q

how do you make glycogen

A

polymer of alpha glucose

20
Q

how do you make cellulose

A

polymer of beta glucose

21
Q

how do you make chitin

A

polymer of glucosamine - glucose + amino acid

22
Q

what is a 3C sugar called

A

triose

23
Q

what is a 5C sugar called

A

pentose

24
Q

what is a 6C sugar called

A

hexose

25
Q

what are the two forms of glucose

A

alpha and beta

26
Q

how do you identify the diffence between alpha and beta glucose

A

alpha has the OH group below the ring of carbons whereas beta is above

27
Q

where is starch found

A

chloroplast stroma

28
Q

where is glycogen found

A

muscle cells

29
Q

where is cellulose found

A

plant cell wall

30
Q

where is chitin found

A

exoskeleton of athropods

31
Q

how is amylopectin adapted

A

has many potruding ends which can be hydrolysed rapidly- allows rapid energy release for respiration

32
Q

how is amylose adapted

A

structure forms a helix which forms a complex shape which allows tight packing and is an excellent storage molecule

33
Q

how is glycogen adapted

A

it has more branches of amylopectin and its even more compact
- this allows faster hydrolysis than starch which is important as animals need emergency energy stores

34
Q

how is cellulos adapted

A

provides protection due to great mechanical strength from long unbranced structures

35
Q

how is cellulos a structural polysaccharide in plants

A

its resistent to enzyme hydrolysis due to hydrogen bonding preventing water from entering

36
Q

how is chitin adapted

A

its extremely resilient and tough due to presence of amino group causes even more hydrogen bonding between chains than cellulose

37
Q

what is formed in a condensation reaction

A
  • larger molecules are formed
  • a new covalent bond is formed
  • a water molecule is removed
38
Q

what is formed in a hydrolysis reaction

A
  • smaller molecules are formed
  • a covalent bond is broken
  • a water molecule is added
39
Q

what is the benefit of polysaccharides being insoluble and why

A

so they can remain inside the cell
insoluble due to size and bonds

40
Q

how is cellulose permeable

A

due to the gaps between polysaccharide fibres

41
Q

what is the structure of cellulose

A

chains of beta glucose (1-4C) which form straight chains side by side, held in place by hydrogen bonds

42
Q

why is there gaps between fibres in cellulose

A

for diffusion of water, magnesium, calcium

43
Q

properties of chitin

A

strengthened by calcium carbonate
waterproof/lightweight

44
Q

how to spot whether a molecule is chitin from a diagram

A

contains a nitrogen functional group

biology core components (8 decks)

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