carbohydrates Flashcards
what is ATP
adenotriphosphate
- form of energy
-formed when large carbohydrates molecules are broken down
what is a protein monomer
amino acids
what is a protein polymer
polypeptides
what is a carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
what is a carbohyadrate polymer
polysaccharide
what is a nucleic monomer
nucleotides
what is a nucleic polymer
polynucleotides
what do carbohydrates contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what does the glucose molecule look like
draw molecule
what is a disaccharide
two monosaccharides
what are the functions of carbohydrates
- instant energy
- transportable, stoarble forms of energy
- structural materials
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
examples of disaccharides
maltose, sucrose lactose
how do you make maltose
alpha glucose + alpha glucose
how do you make sucrose
glucose + fructose
how do you make lactose
glucose + galactose
examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose,chitin
how do you make starch
polymer of a glucose (amylose and amylopectin
how do you make glycogen
polymer of alpha glucose
how do you make cellulose
polymer of beta glucose
how do you make chitin
polymer of glucosamine - glucose + amino acid
what is a 3C sugar called
triose
what is a 5C sugar called
pentose
what is a 6C sugar called
hexose
what are the two forms of glucose
alpha and beta
how do you identify the diffence between alpha and beta glucose
alpha has the OH group below the ring of carbons whereas beta is above
where is starch found
chloroplast stroma
where is glycogen found
muscle cells
where is cellulose found
plant cell wall
where is chitin found
exoskeleton of athropods
how is amylopectin adapted
has many potruding ends which can be hydrolysed rapidly- allows rapid energy release for respiration
how is amylose adapted
structure forms a helix which forms a complex shape which allows tight packing and is an excellent storage molecule
how is glycogen adapted
it has more branches of amylopectin and its even more compact
- this allows faster hydrolysis than starch which is important as animals need emergency energy stores
how is cellulos adapted
provides protection due to great mechanical strength from long unbranced structures
how is cellulos a structural polysaccharide in plants
its resistent to enzyme hydrolysis due to hydrogen bonding preventing water from entering
how is chitin adapted
its extremely resilient and tough due to presence of amino group causes even more hydrogen bonding between chains than cellulose
what is formed in a condensation reaction
- larger molecules are formed
- a new covalent bond is formed
- a water molecule is removed
what is formed in a hydrolysis reaction
- smaller molecules are formed
- a covalent bond is broken
- a water molecule is added
what is the benefit of polysaccharides being insoluble and why
so they can remain inside the cell
insoluble due to size and bonds
how is cellulose permeable
due to the gaps between polysaccharide fibres
what is the structure of cellulose
chains of beta glucose (1-4C) which form straight chains side by side, held in place by hydrogen bonds
why is there gaps between fibres in cellulose
for diffusion of water, magnesium, calcium
properties of chitin
strengthened by calcium carbonate
waterproof/lightweight
how to spot whether a molecule is chitin from a diagram
contains a nitrogen functional group
