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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with a distinct nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

A whole organism made of eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

Managing the cell’s genetic material.

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4
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Produce energy through cellular respiration.

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5
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein-synthesis.

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6
Q

What is the structure of a nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope, double membrane, helps control what goes in/out of the nucleus.
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus, where ribosomes are made
Chromosomes, coils round proteins called histone proteins which are together called chromatin.
Nuclear pores, allow things like RNA to leave the nucleus

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7
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondrion?

A

Matrix, enzymes and proteins needed for respiration
Double membrane, controls what goes into and out of the mitochondria
Cristae, fold around and create the matrix, increases more surface area for enzymes involved in ATP.

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8
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Synthesise food by the process of photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplasts?

A

Surrounded by a double membrane which contains thylakoids, folded membrane embedded with pigments
Fluid filled stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis
Found in plants
Grana, where the first stage of photosynthesis takes place
Lamelle, connects the grana together

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10
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules
Forms glycoproteins and lysosomes

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11
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Fluid filled membrane sacs
Small rounded hollow vesicles

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12
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Digests invading cells and breaks down worn out parts of cells

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13
Q

What is the structure of the lysosomes?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes
Enzymes surrounded by membrane

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14
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Loose in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
Made of protein and RNA
80s ribosomes, slightly bigger than prokaryotic
Very small

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15
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Folds and packages proteins and sends them to Golgi apparatus
Provides a pathway for the transport of proteins throughout the cell

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16
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Has ribosomes on the outer surface of membranes
Sheet like membranes

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17
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
Packages molecules and sends them to the Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Does not have ribosomes

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19
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supports the cell, provides strength and prevents lysis/ change of shape

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20
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A

Made out of cellulose in plant and algal cells
Made out of chitin in fungi
Consists of a number of polysaccharides

21
Q

What is the function of the cell vacuole?

A

Store nutrients and water on which a call can rely for its survival
Isolates unwanted chemicals inside the vell
Maintains pressure inside the cell

22
Q

What is the structure of the cell vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap, weak solution of sugar and salts
Surrounding membrane called tonoplast

23
Q

What is the structure of the bacterial cell?

A

Cell membrane
Circular DNA
Cell wall- made out of murein, strengthen and support, prevent osmotic lysis
Plasmids- genes for antibiotic resistance
Cytoplasm
Capsule- mucilaginous slime layer
Flagellum
Ribosomes
Some chlorophyll associated with cell membrane

24
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

Attachment proteins, identify and bind to suitable host cells.
Capsule, protein
Genetic material (RNA) , nucleic acid
Lipid envelope, some but not all
Acellular
Non-living, can’t reproduce by themselves, need a host cell
20-300nm, smaller than prokaryotic cells

25
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Image size/ actual size

26
Q

What is the formula for image size?

A

Actual size x magnification

27
Q

What is the formula for actual size?

A

Image size/ magnification

28
Q

Millimetre to micrometer?

A

X 1000

29
Q

Micrometer to nanometer?

A

X 1000

30
Q

Properties of light microscopes?
Magnification?
Resolution?

A

-light forms an image
-lenses magnify the image
-without light, no magnification
-max resolution = 0.2 micrometers
-cannot see objects smaller than 0.2 micrometers ( ribosomes, lysosomes)
- anything closer than 0.2 micrometers will be seen as the same object
- max magnification= X 1500
- can see specimen in colour
-can be used to see living specimen

31
Q

Two types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission electron microscopes
Scanning electron microscopes

32
Q

Properties of transmission electron microscopes?
TEMs

A

-electrons form an image
-electromagnets focuses a beam of electrons from underneath the sample
-beam of electrons form underneath specimen, electromagnets ensure focus
-denser the specimen= more electrons absorbed= denser on image
- resolution= 0.1nm max
- max magnification = X1 500 000
-photomicrograph, picture or image can be formed
-beams of electrons, not light so no colour
- complex preparation to form slides, staining, thin, need to be in a vacuum
-needs vacuum otherwise particles in air affect beam of electrons
-harder to look at live organisms, specimen needs to be dead
-cannot build an ideal image with thin specimen, too thick- blacked out image
-artefacts possible

33
Q

Properties of scanning electron microscope?

A

-electrons from above passed back and forth
-electrons scatter, 3D image can be built
-resolution 20nm
-specimen doesn’t need to be as thin, electrons aren’t being absorbed
- vacuum
-artefacts

34
Q

How do scientists determine artefacts?

A

-use many preparation techniques to check if it always shows on the image.
-prepare many slides of the same thing
-if something is missing, artefact

35
Q

How to prepare a temporary mount?

A
  1. Water drop on slide using pipette
  2. Specimen placed onto slide with water droplet using tweezers
  3. stain places on specimen using a pipette
  4. cover slip slowly placed onto stained specimen using a mounted needle
36
Q

Process of homogensiation?

A

-The cells are grounded in homogeniser to break open the plasma membrane and release the organelles into the homogenate
-Solution (homogenate) must be:
Ice cold- prevent enzyme activity
Buffered- prevent enzymes from denaturing
Isotonic- same water potential as cells/ organelles
-cells are then filtered to remove whole cells and debris that had not broken up

37
Q

Process of cell fractionation?

A

-test tubes containing the homogenate are spun in a centrifuge on a slow speed
-heaviest organelles like the nuclei get flung to the bottom of the test tube
-form a pellet at the bottom of the test tube
-rest of the organelles stay suspended in the fluid above, the supernatent

-supernatent is drained off poured into another tube, and spun in the centrifuge at an even higher speed.
-process is repeated at higher and higher speeds until all the organelles are separated out.

38
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis
Gap phase 1
Synthesis
Gap phase 2

39
Q

What happens during the gap phases?

A

Organelles and proteins making copies
Cell getting larger, growth

40
Q

What happens during synthesis?

A

DNA (chromosomes) making copies

41
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome?

A

A single stranded chromosome goes through interphase which results in two chromatids that are identical to each other being attached by a centromere in the centre

42
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

43
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

-chromosomes condense, become visible
-centrioles (proteins) move to opposite ends of the cell (poles)
-nuclear envelope starts to break down
-chromosomes loose in cytoplasm

44
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

-chromosomes line up on equator of cell (spindle equator)
-centrioles produce spindle fibres, attach to centromeres

45
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

-spindle fibres start to contract, split centromere and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
-sister chromatids moving to opposite poles of the spindle

46
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

-nuclear envelope wraps around chromosomes, reforms
-cytoplasm begins to divide
-chromosomes unfold

47
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

-cell membrane splits
-formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells

48
Q

Process of binary fission

A

Single circular DNA and plasmids go though DNA replication
Parent cell divided into two cells, with the cytoplasm roughly halved between the two daughter cells
Two daughter cells each contain a single copy of the circular DNA molecules and a variable number of plasmids

Biology (7 decks)

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