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cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A
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2
Q

What does a plant cell have that is different to the animal cell

A
  • a cellulose cell wall (with plasmodesmata)
  • a vacuole
    -chloroplast
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3
Q

What is a plasmodesmata

A

Channels in membrane for exchanging substances between adjacent cells.

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4
Q

What is the difference between an algal cell and a plant cell

A

Not much as they contain all the same organelles
However chloroplasts in many algal cells are a different shape and size to plant chloroplasts. Eg some algae have one large chloroplast rather than several smaller ones

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5
Q

All organelles to an animal cell (11)

A
  • cell surface membrane
  • rough endoplasmic membrane
  • smooth endoplasmic membrane
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • lysosome
  • ribosome
  • nuclear envelope
  • Golgi apparatus
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondrion
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6
Q

Fungal cells differences to plant cell

A

Their cell wall is made out of chitin, not cellulose
They don’t have chloroplast because they don’t photosynthesise

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7
Q

Organelles in all eukaryotic cells (10)

A
  • cell surface membrane
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • nuclear envelope
  • ribosome
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondrion
    -Golgi apparatus
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8
Q

what is a Golgi apparatus

A

a group of fluid-filled membrane bound sacs, vesicles are often seen on the edge of the sacs
(PACKAGING CENTRE)

it receives many molecules and can determine where to send them (eg to the membrane to be secreted)

its function is to process and package new lipids and proteins that have been received from the vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum. also determines where to send molecules

it also makes lysosomes.

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9
Q

what is a golgi vesicle

A

small fluid filled membrane bound sack in the cytoplasm and produced by the Golgi apparatus
function: stores lipids and proteins made by the golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

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10
Q

what is a nucleus

A

large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains many pores (which allow substances eg RNA to move between nucleus and cytoplasm.
nucleus contains chromosomes and one or more structures called a nucleolus

function: controls the cells activities (by controlling the transcription of DNA.

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11
Q

structure of the nucleus

A

nucleus contains NUCLEOLUS (which is where ribosomes are made)

nucleus is surrounded by nuclear envelope
(which has pours in to allows substances like RNA to transport in and out the nucleus

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12
Q

nucleus and nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus there is a nucleolus which is where ribosomes can be produced

also attached to the membrane of the nucleus is endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

cell surface membrane (plasma membrane)

A

mainly made of lipids and proteins.

function: regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. SEMI PERMEABLE, keeps cell stable so keeps homeostasis
also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

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14
Q

what is a lysome

A

a round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure, its a type of golgi vesicle

function: contains digestive enzyme called lysozymes, can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of the cell.

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15
Q

ribosome

A

a very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm made up of proteins and RNA, not surrounded by a membrane

function: the site where proteins are made

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16
Q

cell wall

A

a rigid structure that surrounds plant, algae, and fungi
plants= cellulose
algae=chitin
prokaryotic=murien

function: supports cell and prevents them from changing shape

17
Q

cell vacuole

A

contains cell sap (weak solution of sugar and salts) surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast

function: helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid, this stops the plant wilting
also involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside cell.

18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

attached to the nuclear membrane
there are:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum (SER)

both involved in transport of their molecules around

19
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (attached to the nuclear membrane)

A

a system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space, the surface is covered with ribosomes

function: folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes. it also transports the proteins out the ER, it can be sent out and away the ER in vesicles

20
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no ribosomes

function: synthesises and processes lipids, also involved in detoxification.

21
Q

mitochondrion

A

oval shaped with a double membrane.
inner one folds over to form a structure called cristae, inside the mitochondrion there is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration

function: site of aerobic respiration which produces ATP which is a common energy source.

22
Q

chloroplast

A

small structure found in plant and algae cells,
surrounded by a double membrane
has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes
these thylakoid membranes are stacked up in some parts to from grana
grana are linked by lamellae (thin pieces of thylakoid membrane
function: site where photosynthesis takes place
some parts take place in grana and other in the stroma (thick fluid)

23
Q

what are the three points of modern cell theory

A
  1. the cell is the smallest living unit in any organism
  2. all living things are made of cells
    3.all cells come from from other pre-existing cells
24
Q

two types of prokaryotes

A
  1. archaea
    2.bacteria
25
Q

what do prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells both have

A
  • DNA
    -Cytoplasm
    -Ribosomes
    -Cell membrane
26
Q

what is the difference between prokaryote cells and eukaryote cells ( what helps to remember)

A

the pro in prokaryote rhymes with no so that means prokaryotes cells have:
-no nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles.

whereas eukaryotes do have these

27
Q

pathway out the cell for a protein

A

-made by ribosomes because of instructions from DNA
- ribosomes could be attached to RER, the RER would provide a vesicle to send it to the Golgi apparatus.
- which packages, processes and sorts and determines where to send it.
- if tagged to be secreted, they would be sent of through a vesicle from the Golgi to the membrane

28
Q

what is the cell walls of prokaryotic cells made out of

A

murein
compared to eukaryotic cellulose

29
Q

flagellum

A

long hair like structure that rotates to make the cell move

30
Q

capsule

A

some prokaryotic cells have a slimer capsule which protects the cell from attacks from cells of the immune system

31
Q

circular DNA

A

prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, instead they have DNA that floats free in the cytoplasm

32
Q

plasmids

A

plasmids are small loops of DNA that aren’t part of the main circular DNA
contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance

not always present, some have several.

33
Q

what are viruses

A

viruses are not cells and are not even alive
they are just nucleic acid surrounded by protein

all viruses invade and reproduce inside host cells,
they inject their DNA/RNA into host cell, then this hijacked cell will then replicate the virus.

34
Q

how does a virus replicate

A

viruses attach to host cell surface by using their attachment proteins to bind to complementary receptor proteins on the cells surface membrane and then inject their RNA. ( single strand of DNA)

different viruses have different attachment proteins so each require one specific receptor on the surface membrane to attach to (as they are complementary)
as a result many viruses can only infect one type of cell, which has the complementary receptor on

35
Q

structure of a virus

A
  • core of genetic material (either DNA or RNA)
  • capsid (protein coat)
    -attachment proteins (complementary to one type receptor on cells surface membrane
36
Q

specialised cells

A

in multicellular organisms, cells become specialised to carry out specific functions

a cells structure helps it to carry out its function, so depending on what job it does a specialised cell can look very different to other cells

37
Q

cell organisation

A

tissue (group of similar cells working together to perform a particular function)
different tissues work together to form organs
different organs make up an organ system

biology (7 decks)

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