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AQA AS Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

List the organelles found in all eukaryotic cells

A
  • Cell surface (plasma) membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus + vesicle
  • Nucleus (nucleolus + nuclear envelope)
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondrion
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2
Q

List organelles found in animal cells only

A
  • Lysosome
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3
Q

List organelles found in plant and algal cells only

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Plasmadesmata
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4
Q

Describe the function of the cell wall

A
  • Maintains cell rigidity
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5
Q

What is the cell wall made of in:
- plants
- algae
- fungi
- prokaryotes

A
  • Cellulose
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
  • Murein
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6
Q

Describe the function of the cell membrane

A
  • Regulates what can enter and exit the cell
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7
Q

Describe the function of the cytoplasm

A
  • Site of anaerobic respiration
  • Where chemical reactions occur
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8
Q

Describe the components and function of the nucleus

A
  • Nuclear envelope, Nucleolus, Chromosomes
  • Contains DNA (protein instructions)
  • Controls cell activity as it controls transcription
  • Pores in envelope control what enters and exits nucleus
  • Nucleolus synthesises ribosomes and contains ribosomal DNA
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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • Flattened fluid-filled sacs
  • Transport, modify, package and sort lipids and proteins
  • Labels them so they got to their suited destination
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10
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi vesicle

A
  • Transports modified lipids and proteins to cell surface membrane
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11
Q

Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Involved in the production of proteinsythesis
  • Tubules called cisternae allow for transport of proteins
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12
Q

Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Involved in the production of proteinsythesis
  • Tubules called cisternae allow for transport of proteins
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13
Q

Describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Involved in the synthesis of lipids
  • Processes lipids
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14
Q

Describe the function of the mitochondria

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration
  • Produces ATP
  • Inner membrane folds to form cristae which increase cell surface area
  • Contains matrix which enzymes used in photosynthesis are found
  • Has its own ribosomes and DNA to quickly produce proteins
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15
Q

Describe the structure and function of the chloroplast

A
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Thykaloid membranes stack (up to 100) to form grana; grana can be joined by lamelle (flat thin thykaloid)
  • Each grana has a chloroplast
  • Stroma is weak solution of sugars and salts
  • Stage 1 of photosynthesis occurs in grana (chloroplasts)
  • Stage 2 of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma
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16
Q

Describe the function of the ribosome and the two types

A
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Either free floating in cytoplasm or attached to RER
  • 80S - bigger (25nm radius), found in eukaryotic cells
  • 70S - smaller; found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and ribosomes
17
Q

How are cells specialised

A
  • Genes can be turned off
  • Genes necessary for cell function are turned on (expressed)
18
Q

Describe the function of a cell wall (bacterium)

A
  • Made up of murein
  • Acts a physical barrier that excludes substances
  • Protects against mechanical damage and osmotic lysis
19
Q

Describe the function of the capsule (bacterium)

A
  • Made of slime
  • Protects bacterium from other cells
  • Helps group bacteria together for further protection
20
Q

Describe the function of the cell surface membrane (bacterium)

A
  • Acts as a differentially permeable layer
  • Controls entry and exit of chemicals
21
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes (bacterium)

A
  • 70S - smaller
  • Synthesis proteins
22
Q

Describe the function of Circular DNA (bacterium)

A
  • Holds genetic material
  • Processes genetic information for replication
23
Q

Describe the function of Plasmids (bacterium)

A
  • Can reproduce themselves
  • Posses genes necessary to survive adverse environments
  • used as vectors in genetic engineering
24
Q

Describe the function of the flagella (bacterium)

A
  • Lash like
  • Propels bacteria
25
Q

Describe the difference between a gram positive and gram negative cell wall

A
  • Gram-positive cell wall is thick and has multiple layers of peptidoglycan
  • Gram-negative cell wall consists of an outer membrane and multiple layers of peptidoglycan
  • Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant as their cell wall is impenetrable
26
Q

List the organelles in a bacterium cell

A
  • Capsule
  • Cell wall
  • Cell surface membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Circular DNA
  • Plasmids
  • Cytoplasm
  • Flagella
27
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A
  • Circular DNA replicates - both attach to cell membrane
  • Plasmids replicate a variable number of times
  • New cell membrane grows and cytoplasm begins to divide
  • New cell wall forms - dividing original cell into two daughter cells
  • Each daughter cell has one C. DNA but a variable number of plasmids
28
Q

Describe bacteria’s use in industry

A
  • Replicated in a fermenter - division is rapid
  • Cells produced is exponential
  • They are sources of enzymes

AQA AS Biology (3 decks)

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