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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane

A

Cell membrane is fluid in that phospholipids and proteins are not stationary but can move rapidly across the surface of the membrane
Cell membrane is mosaic in that many different protein molecules are randomly scattered and embedded throughout phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

What is the function of cell membrane

A

It is partially permeable, functions to separate and protect cell from surrounding environment and control how substances move in and out of the cell

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3
Q

What does cytoplasm contain

A

Cytosol, cytoskeleton and organelles

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4
Q

Define cytosol

A

Aqueous solution of essential ions, soluble proteins and soluble organic compounds such as sugars and amino acids

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5
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein fibres that give support, mobility and regulation to the cell

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6
Q

Define cytoplasmic streaming

A

The movement of the fluid substance withiin a plant or animal cell and aids in transport of materials and organelles around the cell

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

Largest organelle within the eukaryotic cell, usually spherical. Consists of nuclear envelope which separates nucleus from the cytoplasm. Contains nucleolus which synthesises ribosomes. Contains DNA. Found in all eukaryotic cells except matured red blood cells

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Contains hereditary material and controls activities of the cell. Cells normally contain one nucleus (uninucleated) but may be binucleated or multinucleated

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9
Q

Describe structure of RER

A

A system of flattened membrane-bound sacs. Appears “rough” under electron microscope because of presence of ribosomes on its surface

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10
Q

Describe function of RER

A

Protein synthesis, polypeptide chain synthesised by ribosomes will be folded in RER

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11
Q

Describe structure of SER

A

Consists of fine tubules

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12
Q

What are the functions of SER

A

Lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and poisons, storage and release of calcium ions

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13
Q

Describe structure of Golgi apparatus

A

Consists of stacks of flattened membrane-bound sacs

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14
Q

Describe function of Golgi apparatus

A

Chemically modifies products received from the ER and packages them, before sending them to destinations inside or out of the cell using vesicles

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15
Q

Describe structure of lysosomes

A

Small spherical vesicles surrounded by single membrane. Contains hydrolytic enzymes such as lipases, proteases and nucleases.

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16
Q

Describe function of lysosomes

A

To digest materials made in the cell or taken in from outside by phagocytosis
To digest worn-out organelles in the cell, process known as autophagy

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17
Q

Describe structure of animal vacuoles

A

Fluid-filled sac bounded by single membrane. Formed either by pinching-off part of cell membrane or enlargement of vesicle from Golgi apparatus. Usually relatively smaller and exists temporarily

18
Q

Describe function of animal vacuoles

A

Can be food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis

19
Q

Describe structure of plant vacuoles

A

Mature plant cells have permanent large central vacuole and occupies over 80% of cell volume. Enclosed by single, partially permeable membrane called tonoplast. Filled with cell sap, solution of dissolved substances such as sugars, ions, waste products and pigments

20
Q

Describe function of plant vacuoles

A

Storage of nutrients such as protein storage in seeds and inorganic ions. Disposal sites for metabolic byproducts that would endanger cell if they accumulated in the cytosol. May contain pigments that colour cells(e.g. coloured petals to attract pollinators)

21
Q

Describe structure of mitochondria

A

Rod-shaped or spherical, bounded by double membrane

22
Q

Describe function of mitochondria

A

Involved in aerobic respiration. ATP is “energy molecule” living organisms. Mitochondria is abundant in metabolically active cells (e.g. muscle and liver cells)

23
Q

Describe structure of chloroplasts

A

Bounded by double membrane, contains chlorophyll, contains thylakoids and stroma

24
Q

Describe function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

25
Q

Describe structure of ribosomes

A

Small, round structure found in all cells
May occur as free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol or bound to rough ER

26
Q

Describe function of ribosomes

A

Sites of polypeptide synthesis.
Free ribosomes make proteins that function within the cytosol.
Bound ribosomes generally make proteins destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles such as lysosomes, or for export from the cell

27
Q

Describe structure and function of centrioles

A

Small, hollow cylinders that occur in pairs, found in animal cells but absent in plant cells
They play a role in cell division in animal cells

28
Q

Describe protein synthesis and secretion in a cell

A

Polypeptide chains are synthesised at the ribosomes and folded at RER. Transport vesicles containing substances made by ER pinched off from ER. Transport vesicles fuse and release substances into the Golgi apparatus. Secretory vesicles containing modified substances are pinched off from Golgi apparatus. Secretory vesicles move towards and fuse with cell membrane, releasing substances outside the cell by exocytosis

29
Q

Describe formation of lysosome

A

Enzyme contents are synthesised on rough ER and transported via transport vesicle to the Golgi apparatus for further processing. Vesicle containing processed enzymes buds off from Golgi apparatus, forming a lysosome. Enzymes have to be kept apart from rest of cell or they will destroy the cell

30
Q

What are similarities between animal and plant cells

A

Both cells contain cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus and cytoplasm (and others)

31
Q

Compare differences between animal and plant cell

A

Chloroplasts present in large numbers in photosynthetic cells(plant cell), absent(animal)
Centrioles present(animal), absent(plant)
Plant vacuole is present as single, large and central, animal vacuoles are small and numerous
Plant cell surrounded by cell wall in addition to cell membrane, cell wall absent and animal cell only surrounded by cell membrane

32
Q

Define cell specialisation

A

Multicellular organisms are composed of different types of cells and structure of cells is differently adapted to perform specific function. Cells differ in size and shape and they perform specific functions.

33
Q

Describe adaptation of root hair cell and how it helps function

A

Adaptation: Presence of long narrow extension
Function: Absorption of water and mineral salts
Use: Increased surface area to volume ratio due to presence of long narrow extension, increases rate of diffusion of mineral salts and osmosis

34
Q

What are three adaptations of red blood cell and how do they help RBC in function

A

Presence of haemoglobin: Haemoglobin can combine with oxygen
Absence of nucleus: Allows more haemoglobin to be packed in the cell
Biconcave shape: Increases surface area to volume ratio to increase rate of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

35
Q

What are adaptations of muscle cell and how does it help function

A

Elongated and cylindrical in shape, contains nuclei and mitochondria. Has mitochondria to provide energy for contraction of muscle cell

36
Q

What is level of complexity of biological molecules in increasing order (e.g. macromolecule)

A

Macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

37
Q

Define organelle

A

Differentiated structure within cell which performs specific function

38
Q

Define cell

A

The building blocks of life, simplest units that have all characteristics of life

39
Q

Define organ

A

Structure made up of different tissues working together to perform specific function

40
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of similar cells which work together to perform specific function

Biology (19 decks)

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