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Biology A Level > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of mitochondrion

A

Has an outer membrane and an inner membrane
The inner membrane is folded to form cristae
Inside the inner membrane is a matrix containing enzymes, ribosomes and a circular DNA molecule

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2
Q

Function of mitochondrion

A

The site of aerobic respiration and responsible for producing most of the ATP in a cell

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3
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Surface is covered in ribosomes
Formed from continuous folds of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope

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4
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Processes proteins made by the ribosomes

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5
Q

Nucleus structure

A

A large organelle enclosed by a double membrane which is perforated by pores
Contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli

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6
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Nuclear pores are needed to allow mRNA and ribosomes to leave and enzymes to enter
Chromosomes contain DNA which controls synthesis of proteins

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Stack of membrane bound, flattened sacs in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Receives and prepares proteins synthesised on the ER for secretion from the cell.
This often involves adding carbohydrate to the proteins to make them into glycoproteins

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9
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

Surrounded by two membranes and contains a matrix called stroma which has a system of membranes running through it.
Stroma contains ribosomes, starch grains and circular DNA
Grana is stacks of thylakoids. Thylakoids hold the pigment chlorophyll.

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10
Q

Chloroplast function

A

The organelle in which photosynthesis takes place. Chlorophyll pigments capture light energy and transfer it into chemical bonds

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11
Q

Lysosome structure

A

Vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes

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12
Q

Lysosome function

A

Responsible for destroying worn out organelles and digesting the contents of phagocytosis

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13
Q

Vacuole structure

A

A sac bundled by a single membrane
Contains cell sap which is a solution of salts and other substances

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14
Q

Vacuole function

A

Stores waste products and other substances
Changes in volume affect the turgidity of the cell

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15
Q

Cell membrane structure

A

A phospholipid bilayer with extrinsic and intrinsic protein molecules

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16
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

A partially permeable membrane which controls which substances enter or leave the cell

17
Q

Cell wall structure

A

Consists of cellulose microfibrils and other polysaccharides

18
Q

Cell wall function

A

Provides mechanical support and protection
Prevents the cell from bursting

19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Formed from continuous folds of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope

20
Q

SER function

A

Where steroids and lipids are synthesised

21
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Very small organelle not bounded by a membrane
Consists of a large and small subunit
Made of protein and RNA

22
Q

Ribosome function

A

Uses the information in nucleic acid to synthesise proteins

23
Q

Nucleoulus function

A

Where ribosomes are produced

24
Q

What are the the 3 stages of mitosis

A

Interphase, nuclear division, cytokinesis

25
Q

What happens during interphase

A

No division takes place

26
Q

What happens during nuclear division

A

Nucleus divides into 2

27
Q

What happens during cytokenesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

28
Q

What is the order of the stages of the cell cycle

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokenesis

29
Q

Prophase description

A

Chromosomes become visible because they condense
Centrioles move to opposite poles
Spindle fibres form from pole to pole

30
Q

Describe metaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled to the equator of the cell via spindle fibres form
Chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres via centromere

31
Q

Describe anaphase

A

Centromeres divide into two
Spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart to opposite poles
Energy supplied by mitochondria

32
Q

Telophase description

A

Chromosomes have reaches their poles and become longer and thinner, and are unable to be seen by microscopes
Spindle fibres break down
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform

33
Q

Description of cytokenesis

A

Formation of a cleavage by pinching it and splitting it in two

Biology A Level (3 decks)

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