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Biology A Level > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

`the biochemical basis of life is…

A

similar for all living things

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2
Q

monomers are

A

the smaller units of which larger things are made

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3
Q

polymers are

A

molecules from which many monomers are joined together

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4
Q

3 examples of monomers

A

amino acids, monosaccharides and nucleotides

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5
Q

What does a condensation reaction do?

A

join two molecules together

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6
Q

What is formed in a condensation reaction?

A

a chemical bond

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7
Q

What is eliminated in a condensation reaction

A

a molecule of water

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8
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

the breaking of a chemical bond between two molecules

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9
Q

3 common monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

What is used during a hydrolysis reaction

A

water

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11
Q

What does a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides form?

A

a glycosidic bond

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12
Q

3 examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

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13
Q

maltose formation

A

two glucose molecules

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14
Q

sucrose formation

A

a glucose molecule and fructose molecule

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15
Q

lactose

A

a glucose molecule and galactose molecule

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16
Q

Is starch soluble

A

No starch is insoluble

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17
Q

Is starch large

A

Yes

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18
Q

Is starch compact

A

yes

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19
Q

Starch structure and its purpose

A

Branched form so multiple enzymes can act upon it at once to release glucose quickly

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20
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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21
Q

Cellulose is made of…

A

Beta glucose

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22
Q

Cellulose has a ______ structure

A

Straight chain

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23
Q

Cellulose forms ____ glycosidic bonds

A

1-4

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24
Q

Cellulose is un…

A

Branched

25
Q

Cellulose has micro/macro…

A

Fibrils

26
Q

Glycogen is made of…

A

Alpha glucose

27
Q

Glycogen has a _____ structure

A

Branched

28
Q

Glycogen forms ___ and ___ glycosidic bonds

A

1-4, 1-6

29
Q

Glycogen is..

A

Coiled

30
Q

What is the use of starch being insoluble

A

The water potential is not affected

31
Q

What is the use of starch being coiled

A

The molecule is compact

32
Q

What is the use of starch being a polymer of alpha glucose

A

Glucose can be used in respiration

33
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids

34
Q

What does a condensation between a glycerol and fatty acid molecule form?

A

An ester bond

35
Q

What are fatty acids with a single double bonds present called?

A

Mono-unsaturated

36
Q

What are fatty acids with multiple double bonds called?

A

Poly-unsaturated

37
Q

More double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain…

A

The more the hydrocarbon bends

38
Q

How does the smaller proportion of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen relate to triglyceride function?

A

More carbon to hydrogen bonds, so lipids are a good source of energy

39
Q

How does the low mass: energy ratio of triglycerides relate to their function?

A

They are good for storage as it can be stored in small volumes

40
Q

How does the large and non polarness of triglycerides relate to their function?

A

They are insoluble so won’t affect the water potential of the cells

41
Q

How does the high ratio of hydrogen: oxygen relate to function of triglycerides?

A

They release a lot of water molecules when oxidised

42
Q

What is an example of a non reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

43
Q

What are the extra steps to the non reducing sugars test?

A

Add hydrochloric acid and heat in a water bath
Allow to cool
Add sodium hydrogen carbonate and wait for fizzing to stop
Do reducing sugars test

44
Q

Why do you heat sucrose with hydrochloric acid during non reducing sugars test?

A

To hydrolyse the sucrose and break the glycosidic bonds between glucose and fructose

45
Q

Why is sodium hydrogen carbonate added to the non reducing sugars test?

A

To neutralise the hydrochloric acid

46
Q

What is a property of water that makes it helpful for reactions?

A

It is a metabolite in condensation/ hydrolysis reactions

47
Q

Why is water having a high specific heat capacity important for organisms?

A

It buffers changes in temperature of the body

48
Q

Why is water being a solvent useful?

A

Metabolic reactions can occur

49
Q

Why is water having a large latent heat of vapourisation useful for organisms?

A

There is a cooling effect through evaporation

50
Q

Why is water having cohesion important for organisms? 1

A

Supports columns of water (transpiration)

51
Q

Why is water having cohesion important for organisms? 2

A

Produces surface tension

52
Q

Describe competitive inhibition

A

-the inhibitor has a similar shape to the substrate so enters the active site
-the substrate can no longer bind to the active site more frequently
-so fewer ESC’s form
-decreasing the rate of reaction
-this can be overcome by adding more substrate

53
Q

Describe non competitive inhibition

A

The inhibitor binds to the enzyme (not the active site)
This changes the shape of the active site
Which prevents the substrate binding as it is no longer complimentary
This cannot be overcome by adding more substrate

54
Q

Explain why an enzyme only catalyses one reaction

A

The tertiary structure means the enzyme’s active site is only complimentary to a specific substrate

55
Q

Example question: explain why Maltase only breaks down maltose and why this happens at room temperature

A

The tertiary structure of Maltase means its active site is complimentary to only the substrate of maltose
The active site of Maltase changes slightly to accommodate the substrate
The enzyme lowers the activation energy by forming ESC’s

56
Q

What is a nucleotide formed from?

A

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

57
Q

What does a condensation reaction between two nucleotides form?

A

A phosphodiester bond

58
Q

Where does the phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides form?

A

Between the phosphate group and a pentose sugar

Biology A Level (3 decks)

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