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Human Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organelles

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nuclear membrane
  • Mitochondrion
  • Nucleolus
  • Lysosome
  • Golgi body
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2
Q

What are cells?

A
  • A cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in an organism
  • Examples of cells: Red blood cells, white blood cells, skin cells, muscle cells, nerve cells
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3
Q

What are tissues?

A
  • A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a Specific function
  • Examples of tissues: Muscle tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue (e.g. skin), connective tissue (e.g. blood, cartilage)
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4
Q

What is an organ?

A
  • An organ is a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
  • E.g. heart, lungs, skin
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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A
  • A group of organs working together to perform specific functions
  • E.g. circulatory system, nervous system
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6
Q

What is an organism?

A
  • A group of organ systems working together. A living thing
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7
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • It has three components:
    1. All living things are made of cells
    2. Cells are the smallest unit of structure and function in living things
    3. Cells arise from pre- existing cells
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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Thick, jelly- like or watery matrix which suspends the organelles. It fills all the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy for the cell through the process of respiration (cellular respiration). The folding of the inner membrane produces a large surface area on which these chemical reactions can take place.

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10
Q

Centriole

A
  • Involved in the reproduction of the cell
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11
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Connects the cell membrane with the nuclear membrane, provides a surface on which chemical reactions can occur, and the channels between the paired membranes are used for storage or transport of materials
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12
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • It encloses the contents of the cell, separating them from the environment outside, and controls what is able to enter and leave.
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13
Q

Lysosome

A
  • They break down materials that are taken into the cell or break down worn- out organelles
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14
Q

Ribosome

A
  • Amino acids are joined together at the ribosomes to make proteins
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15
Q

Golgi Body

A
  • They modify proteins and package them in vesicles for secretion from the cell.
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16
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Contains the genetic material, mostly DNA; separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane
17
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • The DNA and nucleolus are suspended in a jelly- like nucleoplasm
18
Q

Nuclear Pore

A
  • Allow large molecules, such as messenger RNA, to enter and leave the nucleus.
19
Q

Nucleoplasm

A
  • The substance of a cell nucleus, especially that not forming part of a nucleolus
20
Q

Vesicle

A
  • A membrane- bound sac that transports materials into, out of or within the cell
21
Q

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

A
  • Some cells have fine projections that can beat back and forth to move either the whole cell or substances over the surface of the cell. If the projections are short and numerous, resembling tiny hairs, they are called cilia. If they are longer, and there is only one or two of them, they are called flagella. Where they occur: Cilia- the cells lining the trachea. Flagella: The sperm cell
22
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • The endoplasmic reticulum can be classified as rough endoplasmic reticulum when ribosomes are attached to the outside of some membranes, whereas it’s called smooth endoplasmic reticulum when there are no ribosomes attached to the outside.
23
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Maintenance of a constant, optimal cellular environment
    • Internal and external
  • Ensures cells function at an optimum level
  • Controls the cellular environment of cells by maintaining:
    • Optimum nutrient concentration (e.g. ions, gases and water).
24
Q

How do you achieve homeostasis?

A
  • Things must be taken in from the tissue fluid:
    • Oxygen for respiration
      • Glucose for respiration
  • Materials produced in the cell must be removed:
    • Carbon dioxide from respiration
    • Hormones for use in other parts of the body
    • Enzymes for use in other parts of the body.
25
Q

Fluid Mosaic model

A
  • The cell membrane is represented with the ‘fluid mosaic model’
  • In science a model is a way to describe how something works
  • Fluid- moves constantly in two directions
  • Mosaic- patterns of different types of molecules like a mosaic
26
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A
  • The cell membrane has a phospholipid bilayer structure (two layers of phospholipids)
  • Phospholipids have polar, hydrophilic (water attracting) heads made of phosphate on the outside and non- polar hydrophobic (water repelling) tails made of fatty acids on the inside.
  • The fatty acid, hydrophobic (non- polar) tails on the inside of the membrane mean polar molecules cannot directly diffuse through the membrane.
27
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Contains cholesterol and proteins
  • Some proteins operate as channel proteins, allowing substances through
28
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A
  • Physical barrier: Separates internal and external cellular environment allowing them to be different
  • Regulation of passage of materials: Controls movement of substances into and out of cell
  • Sensitivity: receptors detect changes to external environment
  • Support: Attached to cytoskeleton supporting the whole cell.
29
Q

Movement across the membrane

A
  • The membrane is differentially permeable or semi- permeable or selectively permeable
  • Allows certain ions and molecules through, but restrict others
  • Movement across membrane can be passive (no extra energy needed) or active (extra energy needed)
30
Q

Intracellular vs extracellular

A
  • Intracellular fluid is fluid inside the cell- e.g. cytoplasm, nucleoplasm
  • Extracellular fluid (aka interstitial fluid) is fluid outside of the cell (between cells) e.g. blood plasma.
  • There is a constant exchange of materials between the intracellular extracellular fluid
31
Q

Concentration Gradient

A
  • The concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between two areas. The greater the difference in concentration, the greater the concentration gradient.
  • When substances move from high concentration to low concentration, we say they ‘follow’ the concentration gradient.
  • When substances move from low concentration to high concentration, we say they go ‘against’ the concentration gradient.
32
Q

Why are cells small?

A
  • The bigger a cell or organism is, the more vital chemical reactions (metabolism) that must take place
  • Since more chemical reactions must occur, the cell needs to bring in more reactants and get rid of more products/ wastes.
  • Bigger = higher metabolic needs = higher transport needs
  • The surface area of the cell determines how much material can be brought in and out of the cell at a time (as it must pass through the membrane)
  • The surface area must be big enough to allow for transport to complete the vital chemical reactions.

Human Biology (10 decks)

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