Cells Flashcards
what makes something living?
M: movement
R: respiration
S: sensitivity
G: growth
R: reproduction
E: excretion
N: nutrition
Cells
makes up all living things
Broad categories of cell
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
what is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells have a nucleus whereas prokaryotic cells don’t
the organelles are found in animal cells
nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane
the organelles are found in plant cells
nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane, permanent vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts
the organelles found in plant cells but not animal
permanent vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts
nucleus
Controls cell. Contains the genetic information
cytoplasm
A liquid gel in which other organelles are found
mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration and where energy is released
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
cell membrane
controls what goes in and out of the cell
permanent vacuole
filled with cell sap, helps the cell keep rigid
Cell wall
made of cellulose, strengthens the cell and helps give it support
Chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll which absorbs light, site of photosynthesis
the organelles found in bacterial cells
flagella, plasmids, cell wall, slime capsule, cell membrane, cytoplasm
plasmids
small rings of DNA that carry genes for antibiotic resistance
flagellum
strands of protein that act like propellers to move bacteria forward
Slime capsule
protects bacteria
Different types of microscopes
light and electron
how do light microscopes work
a beam of light is used to form an image of an object
how do electron microscopes work
a beam of electrons are used to form the image of an object
equation for magnification of light microscopes
Total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification
calculation for cell magnification from images
magnification = image size / actual size
how many nanometres in 1 micrometre
1,000
how many micrometres in 1 millimetre
1,000
the max magnification on light microscopes
x2,000
the max magnification on electron microscopes
x2,000,000
specialised cell
adapted to their function
Examples of specialised animal cells
nerve cell
muscle cell
sperm cell
function of nerve cell
carry electrical impulses around the body
adaptations of nerve cell
• lots of dentrites and synapses - connects - lot of mitochondria providing energy to make transmitter molecules
• long axon - carries impulse one place to another
function of muscle cell
contract and relax to allow movement
Adaptations of muscle cells
• fibres that slide over one another to contract
• lots of mitochondria for energy for contractions
• store glycogen that can be converted to glucose for respiration
function of speed cell
fertilise an egg cell
adaptations of sperm cells
• tail for movement
• lot of mitochondria for energy for tail movement
• digestive enzymes in acrosome to break through egg
• large nucleus contains genetic info
examples of specialised plant cells
• root hair cell
• xylem cell
• phloem cells
function of root hair cells
absorb water and minerals
two adaptations of root hair cell
• large surface area for water to move into cell by osmosis
• large permanent vacuole speeds up osmosis
function of xylem cells
transports water and mineral ions from the roots to leaves and shoots
adaptations of xylem cells
function of phloem cells
transports glucose around plant
adaptations of phloem cells
diffusion
the movement of particles from its area of high concentration to an area of its low concentration, down a concentration gradient
substances that commonly enter cells
glucose and oxygen
what substances are commonly removed from cells
urea and carbon dioxide
factors that can affect diffusion
temperature, size of concentration gradient, surface area, diffusion distance
what affect does becoming larger have on surface area to volume ratio
the larger ration the better an a organism is at exchanging material
common adaptations of exchange surfaces
surface area, width of membrane, blood supply
why is a thin membrane useful
provides short diffusion distance
why is a good blood supply useful
maintains a steep concentration gradient
