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cells Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis

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2
Q

what does the nucleolus in the nucleus do?

A

synthesis of rRNA and ribosomes

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3
Q

what does the nuclear pore in the nucleus do?

A

allows the transport of mRNA out

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4
Q

what does the nuclear envelope in the nucleus do?

A

separates DNA from cytoplasm

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5
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

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6
Q

what does the cytoplasm do?

A

site of cellular reactions

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7
Q

what does mitochondrion do?

A

site of aerobic respiration
which synthesis ATP

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8
Q

what is the structure of mitochondrion?

A

interior called matrix (contains enzymes)
inner membrane called crista
double membrane
rod shaped
contains DNA and ribosomes

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9
Q

what do rough endoplasmic reticulums do (RER)?

A

transports proteins which are synthesised by ribosomes attached

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10
Q

what is the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulums?

A

system of flattened sacs
has RIBOSOMES attached

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11
Q

what do smooth endoplasmic reticulums do (SER)?

A

synthesis and transport of lipids

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12
Q

what is the structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulums?

A

system of flattened sacs
NO ribosomes attached

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13
Q

what does the golgi body do?

A

chemically modifies and packages proteins for secretion out of cell
produces glycoproteins
produces lysosomes

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14
Q

what are centrioles?

A

two hollow cylinders positioned at right angles

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15
Q

what do centrioles do?

A

used in spindle formation in cell division

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16
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

protein synthesis

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17
Q

what is the structure of ribosomes?

A

can be free or attached (RER)
2 subunits made from RNA and protein

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18
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

small vacuoles
formed when small portions of the golgi body are pinched off

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19
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

contain digestive enzymes then releases to destroy harmful substances

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20
Q

what do vacuoles do in animals?

A

act as a control vacuole to maintain osmotic pressure

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21
Q

what do vacuoles do in plants?

A

storage of ions and organic molecules
LARGE MEMBRANE

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22
Q

what do vesicles do?

A

small structures within a cell
consists of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer
involved in transport

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23
Q

what do chloroplasts do?

A

site of photosynthesis

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24
Q

what is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

double membrane
stoma fluid
lipids
ribosomes
circular DNA
starch granules
thylakoids

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25
what does a cellulose cell wall do?
provides strength and support for cell freely permeable to water
26
what is the structure of a cellulose cell wall?
primary well three layers of secondary wall made of cellulose microfibrils in a polysaccharide matrix
27
what is a plasmodesmata?
narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
28
what does a plasmodesmata do?
exchanges large organic materials via cytoplasmic screening allows communication between adjacent cells
29
how many smu in 1mm?
100smu
30
how many μm in 1mm?
1000μm
31
how does protein production in a cell occur?
nucleus DNA codes for sequence if amino acids into polypeptide chain mRNA copies DNA by transcription through nuclear pore to cytoplasm nucleolus synthesis rRNA (part of ribosomes) ribosomes carry out protein synthesis RER transports protein to golgi body in transport vesicles golgi body modifies and packages protein into secretory vesicle vesicle migrates to plasma membrane protein fuses with membrane and is released by exocytosis
32
what is the structure of a prokaryotic cell?
no nucleus genetic material is in nucleoid and plasmids no membrane bound organelles smaller ribosomes some have slime capsule
33
what are the size of ribosomes in prokaryotes?
70S
34
what is the cell wall in a prokaryote made of?
peptidoglycan
35
what does a prokaryote contain?
ribosomes plasmids and nucleoid pilus/pili mesosome slime capsule flagellum
36
what is a mesosome in a prokaryote?
infolding of cell membrane
37
what is in a virus?
small piece of RNA reverse transcriptase enzyme capside protein coat
38
what is the function of a plasma cell membrane?
separates cell from the environment regulates transport receptor site and recognition
39
what is in a plasma cell membrane?
extrinsic and intrinsic proteins glycoprotein glycolipid cholesterol phospholipid bilayer
40
what do the extrinsic proteins do in a plasma cell membrane?
structural support recognition site to identify cells receptor site
41
what do intrinsic proteins do in a plasma cell membrane?
structural support channel/carrier protein
42
what does a channel protein do in a plasma cell membrane?
allows water and charged ions through (small polar molecules)
43
what does a channel protein contain?
a hydrophilic pore
44
what do carrier proteins do in a plasma cell membrane?
allows glucose and amino acids through by passive transport (BIGGER SPACE THAN CARRIER)
45
what are glycoproteins?
carbohydrate + protein
46
what are glycolipids?
carbohydrate + lipid
47
what is glycocalyx in a plasma cell membrane?
layer of carbohydrates around the membrane
48
what do phospholipids contain?
hydrophilic phosphate head which interacts well with fluid outside cell hydrophobic tails that do not interact well with fluid
49
what is the plasma cell membrane a barrier to?
larger polar molecules water-soluble molecules ions
50
what is the plasma cell membrane permeable to?
lipid-soluble molecules non-polar molecules very small polar molecules
51
what happens when you increase the temperature of the plasma cell membrane?
increases kinetic energy increases vibrations increases permeability
52
who found the plasma cell membrane?
Singer and Nicholson
53
what is the name of the plasma cell membrane model?
fluid-mosaic model
54
what part is the fluid bit of the fluid-mosaic model?
phospholipids and proteins
55
what part is the mosaic bit of the fluid-mosaic model?
proteins scattered within phospholipids
56
what are tissues?
group or layers of similar cells with the same function
57
what does epithelial tissue do?
lines space and hollow organs within body protects cells underneath secretes and absorbs substance excretes waste products
58
what is the structure of epithelial tissue?
cells fit tightly together (no gaps) one side exposed one side sit on basement membrane
59
what are the types of epithelial tissue?
squamous cuboidal columnar/ciliated glandular
60
what do squamous tissues look like?
thin and smooth cells
61
what do squamous tissues do?
line tissues with smooth lining to reduce friction thin layer of cells for gas exchange
62
where are squamous tissues found?
alveoli blood vessels
63
what do cuboidal tissues look like?
box-shaped prominent nucleus
64
what do cuboidal tissues do?
secretion and reabsorption
65
where are cuboidal tissues found?
kidney tubules glandular ducts
66
what do columnar/ciliated tissues look like?
column shaped can have cilia
67
what do columnar/ciliated tissues do?
ciliated cell walls waft dirt/dust out of air passages microvilli increase surface area for absorption
68
what do glandular tissues look like?
gland shape
69
what do glandular tissues do?
secrete enzymes, hormones, salvia, mucus
70
where are glandular tissues found?
glands pancreas
71
what do connective tissues do?
connect other tissues together
72
what do connective tissues contain?
collagen (apart from blood) can contain fibroblasts
73
what can muscle tissues do?
shorten their length contains proteins which slide past each other
74
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
striated (skeletal) smooth cardiac
75
what causes the striations (stripes) in striated muscles?
caused by overlapping protein molecules
76
what do striated muscles do?
skeletal movement move bones maintain posture and body position support soft tissues
77
where are striated muscles found?
attached to bones by tendons
78
where are smooth muscles found?
walls of hollow organs
79
what do smooth muscles do?
work automatically housekeeping of body functions
80
what is the structure of smooth muscles?
unstriated
81
what is the structure of cardiac muscles?
fibres are striated and branched attached to adjoining fibres by thick plasma membranes
82
what do cardiac muscles do?
rhythmic contraction to pump blood through the heart
83
what does the cristae in mitochondrion do?
increases surface area for ATP synthesis
84
what is in mitochondrion?
inner membrane outer membrane matrix cristae intermembrane space
85
why do mitochondrion sometimes look different?
they have been cut in a different plane

bio core concepts (10 decks)

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