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cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis

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2
Q

what does the nucleolus in the nucleus do?

A

synthesis of rRNA and ribosomes

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3
Q

what does the nuclear pore in the nucleus do?

A

allows the transport of mRNA out

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4
Q

what does the nuclear envelope in the nucleus do?

A

separates DNA from cytoplasm

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5
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

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6
Q

what does the cytoplasm do?

A

site of cellular reactions

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7
Q

what does mitochondrion do?

A

site of aerobic respiration
which synthesis ATP

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8
Q

what is the structure of mitochondrion?

A

interior called matrix (contains enzymes)
inner membrane called crista
double membrane
rod shaped
contains DNA and ribosomes

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9
Q

what do rough endoplasmic reticulums do (RER)?

A

transports proteins which are synthesised by ribosomes attached

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10
Q

what is the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulums?

A

system of flattened sacs
has RIBOSOMES attached

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11
Q

what do smooth endoplasmic reticulums do (SER)?

A

synthesis and transport of lipids

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12
Q

what is the structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulums?

A

system of flattened sacs
NO ribosomes attached

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13
Q

what does the golgi body do?

A

chemically modifies and packages proteins for secretion out of cell
produces glycoproteins
produces lysosomes

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14
Q

what are centrioles?

A

two hollow cylinders positioned at right angles

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15
Q

what do centrioles do?

A

used in spindle formation in cell division

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16
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

protein synthesis

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17
Q

what is the structure of ribosomes?

A

can be free or attached (RER)
2 subunits made from RNA and protein

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18
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

small vacuoles
formed when small portions of the golgi body are pinched off

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19
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

contain digestive enzymes then releases to destroy harmful substances

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20
Q

what do vacuoles do in animals?

A

act as a control vacuole to maintain osmotic pressure

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21
Q

what do vacuoles do in plants?

A

storage of ions and organic molecules
LARGE MEMBRANE

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22
Q

what do vesicles do?

A

small structures within a cell
consists of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer
involved in transport

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23
Q

what do chloroplasts do?

A

site of photosynthesis

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24
Q

what is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

double membrane
stoma fluid
lipids
ribosomes
circular DNA
starch granules
thylakoids

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25
Q

what does a cellulose cell wall do?

A

provides strength and support for cell
freely permeable to water

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26
Q

what is the structure of a cellulose cell wall?

A

primary well
three layers of secondary wall
made of cellulose microfibrils in a polysaccharide matrix

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27
Q

what is a plasmodesmata?

A

narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

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28
Q

what does a plasmodesmata do?

A

exchanges large organic materials via cytoplasmic screening
allows communication between adjacent cells

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29
Q

how many smu in 1mm?

A

100smu

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30
Q

how many μm in 1mm?

A

1000μm

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31
Q

how does protein production in a cell occur?

A

nucleus DNA codes for sequence if amino acids into polypeptide chain
mRNA copies DNA by transcription through nuclear pore to cytoplasm
nucleolus synthesis rRNA (part of ribosomes)
ribosomes carry out protein synthesis
RER transports protein to golgi body in transport vesicles
golgi body modifies and packages protein into secretory vesicle
vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
protein fuses with membrane and is released by exocytosis

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32
Q

what is the structure of a prokaryotic cell?

A

no nucleus
genetic material is in nucleoid and plasmids
no membrane bound organelles
smaller ribosomes
some have slime capsule

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33
Q

what are the size of ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

70S

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34
Q

what is the cell wall in a prokaryote made of?

A

peptidoglycan

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35
Q

what does a prokaryote contain?

A

ribosomes
plasmids and nucleoid
pilus/pili
mesosome
slime capsule
flagellum

36
Q

what is a mesosome in a prokaryote?

A

infolding of cell membrane

37
Q

what is in a virus?

A

small piece of RNA
reverse transcriptase enzyme
capside protein coat

38
Q

what is the function of a plasma cell membrane?

A

separates cell from the environment
regulates transport
receptor site and recognition

39
Q

what is in a plasma cell membrane?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic proteins
glycoprotein
glycolipid
cholesterol
phospholipid bilayer

40
Q

what do the extrinsic proteins do in a plasma cell membrane?

A

structural support
recognition site to identify cells
receptor site

41
Q

what do intrinsic proteins do in a plasma cell membrane?

A

structural support
channel/carrier protein

42
Q

what does a channel protein do in a plasma cell membrane?

A

allows water and charged ions through (small polar molecules)

43
Q

what does a channel protein contain?

A

a hydrophilic pore

44
Q

what do carrier proteins do in a plasma cell membrane?

A

allows glucose and amino acids through by passive transport
(BIGGER SPACE THAN CARRIER)

45
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

carbohydrate + protein

46
Q

what are glycolipids?

A

carbohydrate + lipid

47
Q

what is glycocalyx in a plasma cell membrane?

A

layer of carbohydrates around the membrane

48
Q

what do phospholipids contain?

A

hydrophilic phosphate head which interacts well with fluid outside cell
hydrophobic tails that do not interact well with fluid

49
Q

what is the plasma cell membrane a barrier to?

A

larger polar molecules
water-soluble molecules
ions

50
Q

what is the plasma cell membrane permeable to?

A

lipid-soluble molecules
non-polar molecules
very small polar molecules

51
Q

what happens when you increase the temperature of the plasma cell membrane?

A

increases kinetic energy
increases vibrations
increases permeability

52
Q

who found the plasma cell membrane?

A

Singer and Nicholson

53
Q

what is the name of the plasma cell membrane model?

A

fluid-mosaic model

54
Q

what part is the fluid bit of the fluid-mosaic model?

A

phospholipids and proteins

55
Q

what part is the mosaic bit of the fluid-mosaic model?

A

proteins scattered within phospholipids

56
Q

what are tissues?

A

group or layers of similar cells with the same function

57
Q

what does epithelial tissue do?

A

lines space and hollow organs within body
protects cells underneath
secretes and absorbs substance
excretes waste products

58
Q

what is the structure of epithelial tissue?

A

cells fit tightly together (no gaps)
one side exposed one side sit on basement membrane

59
Q

what are the types of epithelial tissue?

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar/ciliated
glandular

60
Q

what do squamous tissues look like?

A

thin and smooth cells

61
Q

what do squamous tissues do?

A

line tissues with smooth lining to reduce friction
thin layer of cells for gas exchange

62
Q

where are squamous tissues found?

A

alveoli
blood vessels

63
Q

what do cuboidal tissues look like?

A

box-shaped
prominent nucleus

64
Q

what do cuboidal tissues do?

A

secretion and reabsorption

65
Q

where are cuboidal tissues found?

A

kidney tubules
glandular ducts

66
Q

what do columnar/ciliated tissues look like?

A

column shaped
can have cilia

67
Q

what do columnar/ciliated tissues do?

A

ciliated cell walls waft dirt/dust out of air passages
microvilli increase surface area for absorption

68
Q

what do glandular tissues look like?

A

gland shape

69
Q

what do glandular tissues do?

A

secrete enzymes, hormones, salvia, mucus

70
Q

where are glandular tissues found?

A

glands
pancreas

71
Q

what do connective tissues do?

A

connect other tissues together

72
Q

what do connective tissues contain?

A

collagen (apart from blood)
can contain fibroblasts

73
Q

what can muscle tissues do?

A

shorten their length
contains proteins which slide past each other

74
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

striated (skeletal)
smooth
cardiac

75
Q

what causes the striations (stripes) in striated muscles?

A

caused by overlapping protein molecules

76
Q

what do striated muscles do?

A

skeletal movement
move bones
maintain posture and body position
support soft tissues

77
Q

where are striated muscles found?

A

attached to bones by tendons

78
Q

where are smooth muscles found?

A

walls of hollow organs

79
Q

what do smooth muscles do?

A

work automatically
housekeeping of body functions

80
Q

what is the structure of smooth muscles?

A

unstriated

81
Q

what is the structure of cardiac muscles?

A

fibres are striated and branched
attached to adjoining fibres by thick plasma membranes

82
Q

what do cardiac muscles do?

A

rhythmic contraction to pump blood through the heart

83
Q

what does the cristae in mitochondrion do?

A

increases surface area for ATP synthesis

84
Q

what is in mitochondrion?

A

inner membrane
outer membrane
matrix
cristae
intermembrane space

85
Q

why do mitochondrion sometimes look different?

A

they have been cut in a different plane

bio core concepts (10 decks)

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