carbohydrates Flashcards
what are the 3 main groups of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
instant energy sources
transportable/stores of energy
structural materials
what are examples of monosaccharides?
triose
pentose
hexose
what is an example of triose?
glyceraldehyde
what is an example of pentose?
ribose
deoxyribose
what is an example of hexose?
glucose
galactose
fructose
what is glucose?
a hexose monosaccharide
simple sugar
what are the properties of glucose?
polar molecule
very soluble
major respiratory substrate
where is the OH in alpha glucose?
at the bottom
where is the OH in beta glucose?
at the top
what does fructose look like?
a pentagon shape
what does galactose look like compared to glucose?
alpha glucose
OH on the left side is swapped to the TOP
what are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides joined together during a condensation reaction
what happens during a condensation reaction?
larger molecules are formed
new covalent bond formed
water molecule lost
glucose + glucose
maltose
glucose + galactose
lactose
glucose + fructose
sucrose
what are the properties of polysaccharides?
insoluble
no osmotic effect on cells
compact (stored in small space)
carries a lot of energy in C-H and C-C bonds
what is starch made of?
a mixture of amylose (alpha) and amlyopectin (alpha)
what is amylose made from?
maltose (glucose + glucose) + glucose
what is amylose?
straight chain
only 1-4 glycosidic bonds
coiled
what bonds are in carbohydrates?
glycosidic bonds
what is amlyopectin?
branched molecule
both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
what does starch do?
storage polysaccharide in plants
what is special about the structure of starch?
structured so that glucose can be readily broken off for respiration
what is glycogen?
stored form of glucose
made of many glucose units
what are the properties of glycogen?
more branched
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
what does glycogen do?
storage polysaccharide for animals (in liver and muscles)
what are the properties of cellulose?
long and unbranched
every other glucose is flipped 180 degrees
what is the structure of cellulose?
forms parallel chains that lie side by side
held in place by hydrogen bonds
cross links between chains form microfibrils
what is cellulose used for?
in cell walls
strong structure supports cell wall to prevent bursting
what is chitin?
structural polysaccharide in insect exoskeletons, spiders and crustaceans, cell walls of fungi
what are the properties of chitin?
contains NITROGEN
similar structure to cellulose but has side groups
strong
waterproof
lightweight
what is the side group in chitin?
acetyl amide
is starch alpha or beta?
alpha
is glycogen alpha or beta?
alpha
is cellulose alpha or beta?
beta
is chitin alpha or beta?
beta