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Biology A Level > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasmas membrane

A

Made from lipids and proteins.
Regulates movement of substances in and out cells.
Receptor molecules-respond to hormones.

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

Surround cells
Made from carbohydrate cellulose.
It is rigid

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Surrounded b nucleus envelope, containing pores, contains chromatin. Pores are used to moved rna between nucleus/cytoplasm.
It has a nucleus structure, makes ribosomes.

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4
Q

Nucleus envelope

A

Double membrane,,has pores.

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5
Q

Lysozyme

A

Round organelle surrounded by membrane.
No internal structure.
Has digestive enzymes-separate from cytoplasm., these digest invading cels. And also brea worn parts of cells.

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

Small organelle=ether floats, or attached to RER.proteins and RNA, no nucleus

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7
Q

Rough endoplsmic reticulum

A

Has membrane enclosing fluid filling
Is covered with ribosomes
Folds and process’s proteins

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8
Q

Smooth endoplasme reticulum

A

Similar to rer, however no rbisomes, and creates/processes lipids

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9
Q

Vesicles

A

Small fluid filling sac. Surrounded by cytoplasm.
Transports substances in and out of cell, which som are from Golgi or RER, or from cell surface.

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Group fo fluid filled membrane, flat sacs.
Vesicles are at edge.
Processes/package lipids/proteins.
Makes lysozyme.

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11
Q

Mitochondrian

A

Oval shaped.
Double membrane.
Inner folded-CRITASE.
Inside is matrix-where enzymes-respiration.
ATP produced

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12
Q

What is inside and inner mitochondrian?

A

Inside-matrix
Inner-criâse.

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13
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Doule membranes.
Has membranes as thylakoid.
Staked in some parts to form GRANA, linked by lamelle.

Photosynthesis happens in grana, and also storma-thick fluid.

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14
Q

Grana

A

STACKS of thylakoid membranes, in some parts of chloroplasts.
Linked by lamelle-thin flat of thylakoids. Photosynthesis happens in grana,

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15
Q

centriole

A

Small hollow cylinders.
Contains microtubes.
Causes chromosomes to separate.

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16
Q

Cilia

A

Small hair.
Outer membrane is a ring of 9 protein microtubles inside, and 2 in middle, allowing cilia to move.

17
Q

flagellum

A

Same as cilia-but longer.
Mcirotubcles contract which makes it move towards out to let cells travel.

18
Q

Protein production

A

Ribosomes on RER, are attached to membrane. These are folded and processed,
trapsorte to Golgi apparatus=
further processed,
this is then trapsorted to vesicles,
which transport around cell.
Those free ribosomes stay.

19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Has a newtork of protein threads=
cytoskeleton, which ar arranged as microfilaments, and microtubules.

20
Q

Cytoskeleton functions

A

1)microtubcles/filaments-support cell organelle by making them in position.
2)strength cells
3)responsible 4 movement, like during mitosis.
4)proteins of cytoskeleton make cell move, like cilia/flagella are caused by filaments

21
Q

dynamic

A

Réponses to changes, like cykoskletion.

22
Q

Magnifications

A

Image/object

23
Q

What are the type of microscopes?

A

Light, laser scanning confocal, and electron

24
Q

Light

A

Low resolution
0.2 micro resolution
X1500 magnification.

25
Q

Laser scanning confocal

A

Laser beams to scan specimen, where dye gives light. Focused through pins, and the detector generates image.

26
Q

TEM

A

Electromagnets- make denser look darker
High resolution
1000000x magnification
0.0002 resolution

27
Q

SEM

A

Scan beams of electrons, knock electrons which gathered in cathode to make image which can be 3D.
50000 magnification
0.002 micro resolution

28
Q

Stain for light

A

Dye, where some takes more
Different stains for different things.

29
Q

Stain of electron

A

Dipped in heavy metals

30
Q

Preparing a slide-dry

A

Use tweezers to pick specimen-put in middle.
Pop on cover slip

31
Q

Preparing a slide-wet

A

Pipet a drop of water.
Place sample in middle of water.
Make slip stand upright, and carefully tilt.
Add stain to one edge, and clean excess with tissue.

32
Q

How to use light microscope

A

1)clip slide to specimen.
2)use lowest objective lense
3)use coarse adjustment-move stage up.
4)look at eyepiece-use coarse adjustment to move down if needed.
5)make it focused, by fine adjustment knob.

Biology A Level (9 decks)

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