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MCAT: BIOLOGY REVIEW > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 tenets of cells theory?

A
  1. Cells come from other cells
  2. Cell is the basic unit of life
  3. All living things are made of cells
  4. Cells have genetic material that passes from parent to daughter cell.
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2
Q

Nucleus communicates with the cytoplasm through what?

A

Nuclear pores

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3
Q

What is the site of rRNA synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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4
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

Binary fission

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5
Q

What direction do e- move through ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

From mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

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6
Q

Where do electron transport chain proteins exist?

A

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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7
Q

What are endosomes?

A

Transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to golgi/lysosome from the cell membrane.

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8
Q

How do lysosomes work?

A

Have hydrolytic enzymes in the membrane that are released upon autolysis making cell go into apoptosis, degrading itself and the toxins inside.

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9
Q

What is the ER continuous with

A

nuclear envelope

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10
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

permits translation of proteins meant to go into its lumen

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11
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

lipid synthesis, detox poisons and drugs, transports proteins from RER to golgi

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12
Q

What does the golgi do?

A

receives materials from ER in vesicles and adds modifications like carbohydrates, signal sequences for direct delivery. Then repackages contents in vesicles and sends to directed location or exocytoses.

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13
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

have h2o2 to break down long fatty acid chains via beta-oxidation, phospholipid synthesis, and pentose phosphate pathway.

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14
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

provides cell structure, and channels for transportation in the cell.

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15
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments.

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16
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

rods of globular actin

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17
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments

A
  1. make networks that don’t break (protect cell)
  2. can use ATP to have force for movement in muscle contraction.
  3. Forms the cleavage furrow in cytokinesis - contraction of actin pinches off the daughter cells
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18
Q

What are microtubules?

A

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

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19
Q

What do microtubules do

A
  1. make pathways for kinesin and dyenin to travel on
  2. Cilia and flagella
  3. centrioles - spindle formation
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20
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Filamentous proteins (like keratin)

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21
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A
  1. involved in cell-cell adhesion
  2. cytoskeleton maintenance
  3. anchor the organelles.
22
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Protects from invasion and desiccation
  2. Absorption, secretion, sensation (ASS)
  3. Constitutes the parenchyma
23
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

The functional part of an organ, composed of epithelium.

24
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  1. supports body
  2. Forms stroma (structural support)
  3. Makes ECM in CT by secreting elastin and collagen
25
Q

What is Archaea?

A

microorganisms that use variable sources of energy, like extremophiles and synthetic organisms getting E from nitrogen and sulfur

26
Q

What are obligate anaerobic bacteria?

A

Can’t survive in O2 environment.

27
Q

What are obligate aerobic bacteria

A

Need O2 for metabolism

28
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

uses O2 if present, switches to anaerobic if not

29
Q

What are anterotolerant anaerobes?

A

Can’t use O2, but also not harmed by it

30
Q

What does gram + bacteria stain?

A

Purple

31
Q

What does gram - bacteria stain?

A

Pink

32
Q

What are gram + bacteria?

A

have cell wall with peptidoglycan (protects from host immune system) and lipoteichoic acid (additional protection, and activates human immune system)

33
Q

What are gram - bacteria?

A

have cell wall with small amounts of peptidoglycan, and have an outer membrane in addition to cell wall and plasma membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (trigger human immune system much stronger than lipoteichoic acid)

34
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A
  1. nucleoid region w/ single circular chromosome and no nuclear envelope
  2. plasmids: DNA from external sources
  3. Electron transport chain in PM
  4. Ribosomes are smaller 30S and 50S compared to human 40S and 60S
  5. Primitive cytoskeleton
35
Q

Bacteria replicate through…

A

Binary Fission

36
Q

What are the three processes of genetic recombination for bacteria?

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transformation
  3. Transduction
37
Q

What is conjugation in bacteria?

A

An F+ bacteria with a pillus forms a bridge with a F- bacteria to exchange genetic info from donor male (F+) to recipient female (F-). Now the F- is an F+ and can do this over and over. This is how antibiotic resistance or any other trait can spread really fast in a colony.

38
Q

What is transformation in bacteria?

A

Foreign genetic material integrates into host genome, usually because a bacteria in close proximity lysed and spilled contents.

39
Q

What is transduction in bacteria?

A

a viral vector inserts viral DNA into bacterial host 1. The viral DNA is copied and can be packed into viral vectors that infect bacterial cells. These viral vectors may contain viral DNA, bacterial host 1’s DNA, or both. This can be integrated into the genome of bacterial host 2.

40
Q

What are transposons?

A

Genetic elements that can insert/remove themselves from the genome. If inserted in a coding region, may disrupt a gene.

41
Q

What does bacterial growth look like?

A
  1. Lag phase: not a lot of repro because new environment
  2. Exponential/log phase: adaptation -> boom in repro
  3. Stationary phase: less resources, less repro
  4. Death phase: no resources -> death
42
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A
  1. genetic material
  2. protein coat = caspid
  3. maybe an envelope containing lipids which makes a virus easier to kill because it is sensitive to heat/detergents/desiccation.
43
Q

Why are viruses considered obligate intracellular parasites?

A
  1. replicate within host cell: no ribosomes to make proteins.
  2. viral replication makes virions which are released to affect more cells
  3. bacteriophages perform a sort of transduction to affect more bacteria
44
Q

How do positive sense ssRNA viral genomes work?

A

Like mRNA, directly translated into proteins

45
Q

How do negative sense ssRNA viral genomes work?

A

the RNA is complementary to the strand that codes for proteins. Must be replicated by RNA replicase to generate coding strand to make proteins.

46
Q

What is a retroviral genome?

A

The virion contains 2 identical molecules of RNA that can be reverse transcribed by reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA. THe DNA can then integrate into the host cell’s genome where it is replicated and transcribed like host genome. I.e. HIV (only way to kill virus is to kill cell)

47
Q

What are prions?

A

non-living infectious proteins that trigger disease by causing misfolding of proteins (usually alpha helix to beta sheet), and inability of cell to degrade proteins leading to protein aggregates causing interference in cell function.

48
Q

What are viroids?

A

short ssRNA infecting plans, silencing genes. Human Hep D is a viroid. Infection of Hep D + B -> silence of human hepatocytes.

49
Q

Viral Life Cycle

A
  1. infection by virus genetic material entering a cell through any means
  2. Translation and progeny assembly: depending on genome type, translocated to region where it can be transcribed. Translated proteins usually capsid proteins to create new virions and infect more cells
  3. Progeny release: exocytose virions
  4. Lytic and lysogenic cycles
50
Q

What is the lytic cycle?

A

Lytic cycle is when bacteriophages maximize cell machinery and don’t care if host cell lyses because it leads to more cells being infected -> virulent

51
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A

virus integrates into host genome and replicates. This is dormancy, either spontaneously or as a result of stimuli, the virus can become virulent (enter lytic cycle)

52
Q
A

MCAT: BIOLOGY REVIEW (2 decks)

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