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AQA Biology GCSE > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnification Equation

A

Magnification= image size / size of real object

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2
Q

Difference between Electron and Light Microscope

A

An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving
power which can be used to
study cells in much finer detail. Enables us to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.

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3
Q

Function of Nucleus

A
  • Eukaryotic only *
    Controls all the activities of the cell.
    Contains the genetic material.
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4
Q

Function of Cytoplasm

A
  • All Cells *
    Liquid gel where organisms are suspended and site where most chemical reactions take place.
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5
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A
  • Eukaryotic only *
    Protein synthesis takes place, making all proteins for the cell.
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6
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A
  • All Cells *
    Aerobic respiration - releasing energy for the cell.
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7
Q

Function of Cell Wall

A
  • Plant Cells + Prokaryotes *
    Supports and protects internal structures and organelles
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8
Q

Function of Cell Membrane

A
  • All cells *
    Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
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9
Q

Function of Permanent Vacuole

A
  • Plants only *
    Space filled with cell sap.
    Keeps cell rigid to support plant.
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10
Q

Function of Chloroplasts

A
  • Plants only (except RHC) *
    Make food by the process of photosynthesis
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11
Q

Function of Chlorophyll

A
  • Plants only (except RHC) *
    Absorbs light so plant can make food by photosynthesis
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12
Q

Where is chlorophyll found?

A

Chloroplasts

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13
Q

What gives plants their green pigment?

A

Chlorophyll

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14
Q

What is the cell wall made up of ?

A

Cellulose to strengthen the cell

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15
Q

Definition - Eukaryotic

A

Genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus

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16
Q

Definition - Prokaryotic

A

Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus.

17
Q

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are….

  • smaller
  • don’t have a nucleus
  • may have plasmids
18
Q

Definition - Plasmids

A

Small rings of DNA that code for specific features such as antibiotic resistances

19
Q

What type of cell is a bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

20
Q

Example of animal specialised cells

A

Nerve Cell, Sperm Cell, Muscle Cell

21
Q

Example of plant specialised cells

A

Xylem Cell, Phloem Cell, Root Hair Cell

22
Q

Adaptations of a nerve cell (3)

A
  • Lots of dendrites that make connections to other cells
  • Axons that carry the impulse from one place to another
  • Synapses aww adapted to pass the impulse to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle cell
23
Q

Adaptations of Muscle Cells (3)

A
  • Contain proteins that slide over each other and make the fibres contract
  • Contain many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for chemical reactions to take place
  • Store glycogen, which can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria to provide energy needed for the fibres to contract.
24
Q

Adaptations of Sperm Cells (4)

A
  • Long tail helps it to move
  • Middle section is full of mitochondria, which provide energy for the tail
  • Large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on
  • Acrosome stores digestive enzymes to break down the outer layers of the egg
25
Q

Adaptations of a Root Hair Cell - RHC (3)

A
  • Increased surface area for water to move into the cell
  • Permanent vacuole that speeds up movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
  • Many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for active transport
26
Q

Adaptations of Xylem Cell (2)

A
  • Alive at first but die and form long hollow tubes to allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them
  • Spirals is lignin make them very strong and help them to withstand pressure of water. Also help support phloem.
27
Q

Adaptations of Phloem Cell (2)

A
  • Cell walls between the cells break down to form special sieve plates. Allow water carrying dissolved food to move freely
  • Supported by companion cells which transfer energy and support them.

AQA Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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