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Biology Y12 > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the Ribsosomes

A

. Site of Protein synthesis;

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2
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus

A

. Contains genetic material / DNA;
. Controls cell activity;

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3
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria

A

. Site of aerobic respiration;
. ATP production;

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4
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

. Site of lipid synthesis;

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5
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

. Encrusted in Ribosomes;
. Site of protein synthesis;
. Transports and stores protein within the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus

A

. Modifies/packages/sorts proteins;
. Produces vesicles;

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7
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes

A

. Contains digestive enzymes;
. Digests worn out organelles/autolysis;

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8
Q

What is the function of Cell surface membrane

A

. Made of a Phospholipid Bilayer;
. Controls what enters the cell/is selectively permeable;
. Can be folded to increase SA;

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9
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts

A

. Contain thylakoids, stacked into Granum;
. Site of photosynthesis;

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10
Q

What is the function of Capsule

A

. Protects cell from immune systems;
. Aids bacteria sticking together;

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11
Q

What is the function of Plasmid

A

. Circular DNA;
. Contains antibiotic resistance genes;

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12
Q

What is the function of Cell Wall

A

. Provides rigid shape / structure;
. Stops osmotic lysis;

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13
Q

What is the function of Flagellum

A

. Allows movement/propulsion;

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins. Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells.

A

. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein);
. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
. Golgi apparatus package/modify; OR Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus;
. Vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
. (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;

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15
Q

Describe the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

A

Comparisons
. Nucleotide structure is identical;
. Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond;
OR Deoxyribose joined to phosphate (in sugar, phosphate backbone);
. DNA in mitochondria / chloroplasts same / similar (structure) to DNA in prokaryotes;

Contrasts
. Eukaryotic DNA is longer;
. Eukaryotic DNA contain introns, prokaryotic DNA does not;
. Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular;
. Eukaryotic DNA is associated with / bound to protein / histones, prokaryotic DNA is not;

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16
Q

State three differences between DNA in the nucleus of a plant cell and DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

A

Plant v prokaryote
1. (Associated with) histones/proteins v no histones/proteins;
2. Linear v circular;
3. No plasmids v plasmids;
4. Introns v no introns;
5. Long(er) v short(er);

17
Q

The structure of a cholera bacterium is different from the structure of an epithelial cell from the small intestine. Describe how the structure of a cholera bacterium is different.

A

. Cholera bacterium is prokaryote;
. Does not have a nucleus/nuclear envelope/ has DNA free in cytoplasm/has loop of DNA;
. Any two from: [No membrane-bound organelles/no mitochondria / no golgi/no endoplasmic reticulum];
. Small ribosomes only;
. Any two from [Capsule/flagellum/plasmid / cell wall]

18
Q

Give one advantage of using a TEM rather than a SEM.

A
  1. Higher resolution;
  2. higher (maximum) magnification / higher detail (of image);
    OR
  3. Allows internal details / structures within (cells) to be seen / cross section to be taken;
19
Q

Give one advantage of using a SEM rather than a TEM.

A

. Thin sections do not need to be prepared / shows surface of specimen / can have 3-D images;

20
Q

Scientists use optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to investigate cell structure. Explain the advantages and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure.

A

Advantages:
1. Small objects can be seen;
2. TEM has high resolution;
3. Electron wavelength is shorter;

Limitations:
4. Cannot look at living cells;
5. Must be in a vacuum;
6. Must cut section / thin specimen;
7. Preparation may create artefact;

21
Q

Name 2 structures found within a eukaryotic cell that cannot be identified using an optical microscope.

A

Any 2 from:
. mitochondrion / ribosome / endoplasmic reticulum / lysosome / cell-surface membrane

22
Q

Describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the position of starch grains in the cells when using an optical microscope.

A
  1. Add a drop of water to the microscope slide;
  2. Get a thin section of plant tissue and float on the drop of water;
  3. Stain with KI (potassium iodide) solution;
  4. Lower the coverslip using a mounted needle to avoid air bubbles;
23
Q

Scientists isolated mitochondria from liver cells. They broke the cells open in an ice-cold, buffered isotonic solution. Explain why the solution was:
a) Isotonic
b) Ice cold
c) buffered

A

a) Prevents osmosis / no (net) movement of water So organelle/named organelle does not burst/shrivel;
b) Reduce/prevent enzyme activity so organelles are not digested / damaged;
c) Maintain a constant pH so proteins do not denature;

24
Q

Describe and explain how cell fractionation and centrifugation can be used to isolate mitochondria from a suspension of animal cells.

A
  1. Cell homogenisation to break open cells and release organelles;
  2. Filter to remove (large) debris/whole cells;
  3. Use isotonic solution to prevent osmotic damage to mitochondria / organelles;
  4. Keep cold to prevent/reduce damage to organelles by enzyme;
  5. Use buffer to maintain pH and prevent protein/enzyme denaturation;
  6. Use differential Centrifuge (at high speed/1000 g) to separate nuclei / cell fragments / heavy organelles;
  7. Re-spin (supernatant / after nuclei/pellet removed) at higher speed to get mitochondria in pellet/at bottom;
  8. Observe pellet with a microscope to identify mitochondria;
25
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid molecule and explain how phospholipids are arranged in a plasma membrane (3)

A

. Glycerol joined to two fatty acid tails Phosphate group joined to glycerol on opposite side. (joined by condensation reaction with ester bond).;
. Phospholipid has hydrophilic head (phosphate and glycerol) and hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains)
. Arrange to form a phospholipid bilayer; (Hydrophilic head facing out. Hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing in)

Biology Y12 (14 decks)

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