Cells 1.1 Cell structure

Question 1

Give an exceptions of the cell theory.

Answer 1

Giant algae (mermaid’s wineglass) The entire organism is made from only 1 cell that can reach to 7cm. The orgasm is not divided into smaller cells. Aseptate fungus Many fungi are aseptate, this means that the cell walls that divide the cells have broken down. The cytoplasm is continuous with many nuclei. Skeletal muscles Cells fuse together to form muscles fibers. It is impossible to tell where one cell ends and next begins. Slime mold They reproduce when many cells fuse together to form a multi nucleate jelly.

Question 2

How can you calculate magnification?

Answer 2

(image size)/(actual size)=magnification

Question 3

What are the three statements of the cell theory?

Answer 3

1. All living organisms are made of cells 2. A single cell is the smallest unit of life 3. Cells come from the division of pre-existing cells.

Question 4

What is the thickness of plasma membranes?

Answer 4

7-8 nanometers

Question 5

What is the size of a liver cell?

Answer 5

30 micrometers

Question 6

What is the size of a plant cell?

Answer 6

50 micrometers

Question 7

What is the size a amoeba?

Answer 7

1000 micrometers

Question 8

What is the size a amoeba?

Answer 8

1000 micrometers

Question 9

How many mm in 200 micrometers?

Answer 9

0.2 mm

Question 10

How many micrometers in 10 mm?

Answer 10

10,000 micrometers

Question 11

How many nm in 2 mm?

Answer 11

2,000 micrometers = 2,000,000 nm

Question 12

How many micrometers in 0.8 mm?

Answer 12

800 micrometers

Question 13

How many mm in 5 micrometers?

Answer 13

0.005 mm

Question 14

How many micrometers in 23.4mm?

Answer 14

23,400 micrometers

Question 15

How many micrometers in 23.4mm?

Answer 15

23,400 micrometers

Question 16

What are the 7 factors that qualify something to be alive?

Answer 16

Nutrition, metabolism, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis, reproduction.

Question 17

Briefly explain metabolism.

Answer 17

All organisms are sustained by chemical reactions that take place inside their cells, including respiration to release energy.

Question 18

Briefly explain homeostasis

Answer 18

Keeping conditions inside the organism within tolerable limits. (Release Sweat and shiver)

Question 19

As the volume of a cell increases, what happens to heat production?

Answer 19

Heat production increases.

Question 20

As the volume of a cell increases, what happens to the production of waste products?

Answer 20

The production of waste products increase.

Question 21

As the volume of a cell increases, what happens to the usage of nutrients and oxygen?

Answer 21

The usage of nutrients and oxygen increases as it demands more.

Question 22

As the volume of a cell increases, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 22

The surface area to volume ratio decreases as volume increases.

Question 23

Why can a cell not grow to the size of a football field?

Answer 23

1. As the volume increases, heat production significantly increases while surface area is not enough to balance heat loss, causing the cell to overheat. 2. As volume increases waste production increases while the surface area to volume ratio decreases, waste excretion is harder. 3. As volume increases, resource consumption directly increases, while resource absorption does not increase as much, causing a limitation towards absorption.

Question 24

Suggest three features of a cell that could increase surface area.

Answer 24

1. In the small intestine, microvilli increase surface area. 2. Plant roots increase surface area for absorption of nutrients. 3. Red blood cells have a donut shape which increase surface area.

Question 25

What is an emergent property?

Answer 25

Emergent properties arise from the interation of compnent parts: the whole is greater than the sum of of its parts

Question 26

What is specilization in cells?

Answer 26

Different cells are dedicated to carrying out different functions. Specilized cells have their own structures to enable them to perform their roles

Question 27

What do motor neurons do?

Answer 27

Is responsible for carrying out electrical signals over long distance

Question 28

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 28

Thye are responsible for the transportation of oxygen.

Question 29

What is a stem cell?

Answer 29

Stem cells are the primary cells that are undifferentiated

Have the capacity to differentiate themselves

Question 30

What does it mean when cells differentiate?

Answer 30

When cell differentiate, they become specialized cells.

To become speialized cells, they turn off unnecessary genes

Question 31

What is necessary for embryonic development?

Answer 31

The capacity of stem cells to divide and differenciate along different pathways.

This makes them suitable for treatments.

Question 32

What diseases can be treated with embryonic stem cells?

Answer 32

Heart failure

heart muscles are usually damaged so adult stem cells can be used to replce in order to repair damamged heart muscles.

Umbiblical Stem cell

Faconi anaemia is a blood disease that can be treated using umbiblical stem cells.

Question 33

What properties do multicellular organisms have?

Answer 33

properties that emerge from interaction of their cellular components (known as emergent property). Basically many different specialized cells that work together

Question 34

What causes cell differentiation in multicellular organisms?

Answer 34

The expression of some genes but not others