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biology > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A
  • Cells are the fundamental units of life
  • All organisms are composed of cells
  • All cells come from preexisting cells
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2
Q

Why cells are small

A

because high surface area to volume ratio is essential

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3
Q

we use microscopes to see the cells, as we have

A

magnification: increase the size of the cell
resolution: clarity of the magnification object

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4
Q

All living things are classified into three domains:

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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5
Q

All living things are classified into three domains:

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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6
Q

there are 2 types of cells

A

prokaryotic

eukaryotic

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7
Q

prokaryotic cells

A 
no nucleus 
no membrane-bound organelles
unicellular
size: very small 0.2-2 miometer
examples: bacteria and archaea
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8
Q

eukaryotic cells

A 
DNA in the nuclear 
do have membrane bond wall
can be unicellular or multicellular
size: 10-100miometer
examples : plant and animals
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9
Q

bacteria

A
  • inclosed by plasma membrane
  • the DNA is in the nucleoid
  • ribosome: protein synthesis (RNA to protein)
  • plasma: consist of cytosol
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10
Q

protective cell wall (plasma membrane)

A
  • fluid
  • made of phospholipids bilayer with protein and other molecules
  • the outer surface of all cells
  • rigid, bacteria cell walls contain (peptidoglycan)
  • Some bacteria contain a slimy (capsule of polysaccharides) – protection, prevents attachment to other cells
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11
Q

some prokaryotic cells swim

A

..by (flagella), made of protein flagellin

*have single (pili), more pilus, hair like structure, help bacteria adherence to other cells

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12
Q

organells

A
  • the parts in the eukaryotic cells

* each organelle have a specific role in cell function

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13
Q

similarities between animal and plant cell

A 
nucleus
Golgi apparatus
lysosome 
cytoplasm
cell wall 
rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
cell wall
plasma membrane
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14
Q

organelles( contain membrane bound)

A 
Nucleus –
Mitochondrion –
Endoplasmic reticulum(er) and Golgi apparatus – 
Lysosomes and vacuoles – 
Chloroplasts (some cells) –
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15
Q

Not organelles ( lack membranes)

A

ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Peroxisomes

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16
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

  • in cytoplasm,
  • attached to endoplasmic reticulum, *inside mitochondria and *chloroplasts.
17
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by two membranes—

A

the nuclear envelope

outer and inner membrane

18
Q

Nuclear pore -

A

*connect nucleus with the cytoplasm. *Allows nucleus to regulate
DNA combines with proteins to form chromatin in long,
*thin chromatin threads called (chromosomes)

19
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

*rough
have ribosomes
protein synthesis

*smooth
no ribosomes
lipid and steroids synthesis

20
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

receive and identify proteins from RER/SER

EXP: some proteins become digestive enzymes , and they are backaged to type of vesicle called lysosome

21
Q

lysosome

A

digestive enzyme from the Golgi apparatus

it combine with other vesicles from plasm membrane break it down releasing nutrients

22
Q

mitochondria,

A

energy in fuel molecules is transformed to the bonds of energy-rich ATP

  • have 2 membrane: inner membrane (folds inward to form cristae) and outer membrane
  • matrix: contains enzymes and ribosomes.
  • inter-membrane space: the space between inner membrane and the matrix
23
Q

the Power plan of the cell is

A

mitochondrion

24
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • photosynthesis: light energy converted to chemical energy bonds
  • double membrane.
  • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
25
Q

chloroplast (the green pigment)

A
  • double membrane (inner/outer)
  • stroma
  • thylakoid
  • granum ( stack, group of thylakoid)
26
Q

Thylakoids

A

contain chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light energy for photosynthesis.

27
Q

Stroma—

A

fluid in which grana are suspended. The stroma contains DNA and ribosomes.

28
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Collect and break down toxic byproducts of metabolism such as H2O2

29
Q

plant cells have vacuole (functions)

A
  • Storage, structure, reproduction, Digestion
30
Q

The cytoskeleton has important functions:

A
  • support and maintain cell shape
  • moves organelle within the cell
  • hold organelles in position
  • Involved in cytoplasmic streaming (movements of the cytoplasm
  • Interacts with extracellular structures to hold cell in place

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