Cells Flashcards
What do prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cells don’t? (4)
plasma membrane, nucleoli, cytoplasm, mesosoma
what don’t prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cells do? (4)
nuclear membrane, endomembrane (RE and Golgi complex), mitochondria, chloroplasts
who discovered cells?
Robert Hooke
what is the function of a cell membrane?
a partially permeable cell that controls the exchange between the cell and its environment.
what are the types of cells membranes?
impermeable, semipermeable, and permeable
what are the 4 groups of organic compounds?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
what is the deeply staining material in the nucleus called?
chromatin
what are the differences between plant and animal cells?
plant cells have cell walls, large permanent vacuoles, and plastids (chloroplasts); animal cells have centrioles.
what is chlorophyll?
the green pigment found in plants which absorb light during photosynthesis.
what are the differences between cell walls and cell membranes?
cells walls are thick, physically strong, and freely permeable. while cell membranes and thin and semipermeable.
what is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?
the cytoplasm has organelles while cytosol does not.
what is the liquid substance contained by the nucleus?
the nucleoplasm.
what are the functions of the nucleus?
it acts as a reproduction cell by storing hereditary information and is involved in the making of proteins.
what are the mitochondria?
the powerhouse of the cell, functioning to carry out aerobic respiration.
what are the parts of the mitochondria?
outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, intermembrane, matrix,.
why are the mitochondria shaped as it is?
to maximize the space it has to carry out on aerobic respiration.
what is the smooth ER?
one of the types of endoplasmic reticulum that function to synthesize lipids and detoxify drugs and poisons.
what is the rough ER?
one of the types of the endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes and functions to synthesize secretory proteins and to form endomembrane systems such as organelles.
what is the Golgi apparatus?
it consists of flattened sacs called cisternae and functions to finish the products made by the ER and sends them to other cells.
what are the types of ribosomes?
free ribosomes and ribosomes bound to the ER
what do free ribosomes do?
produces proteins used in cytoplasmic metabolism
what do ribosomes bound to the ER do?
synthesizing proteins to be used in the organelle or sent out to the call
what is a lysosome?
an organelle in the shape of a membrane-bound bag that is made by the rough ER and is processed further in the Golgi apparatus and is used to hydrolyze macromolecules inside cells.
what are the parts of chloroplasts?
thylakoids, stroma, granum, inner membrane, outer membrane, and intermembrane space
what are the thylakoids inside chloroplasts for?
to make food from photosynthesis.
what is a vacuole?
a membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm of a cell that functions in several different ways.
what are the types of vacuoles?
food vacuoles, contractile vacuole, central vacuole
what is the function of the central vacuole?
to store organic and inorganic compounds, and to discard metabolism products.
what is turgor pressure?
pressure that pushes the cell membrane towards the cell walls in plants, bacteria, fungi, and some types of protists.
what are the functions of a cell wall?
to maintain the cell shape, as protection, and to prevent water loss.
why do animals not need cell walls?
because they are motile.
what is a cytoskeleton?
the skeleton of the cell that is involved in giving the cell a structure, and motility.
what are the three organelles found in the cytoskeleton?
microtubule (tubulin), microfilaments (actin), and intermediate filaments
what are microtubules for?
they build up spindle fibers in nuclear division
what are microfilaments for?
give shape to cells by forming a network inside it and help with cell contractions.
what are intermediate filaments for?
to keep the position of each cell organelle.
are all cells surrounded by partially permeable cell surface membranes?
yes.
do all eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus containing one or more nucleoli and DNA?
yes.
do epidermal cells of onions have small vacuoles?
no.
do animal cells have cell walls, nucleus, and cytoplasm?
no.
do plant cells have plasma membranes, nucleus, and cytoplasm?
yes.
ribosomes are attached to the?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
a cell would tend to gain water if it were moved from?
an isotonic solution to a hypotonic solution. or a hypertonic solution to an isotonic solution.
what factors affect the permeability of cell membranes?
lipid solubility of the molecules, size of the molecules, presence of transport channels, and presence of ATP inside the cell
what are the parts of a cell membrane?
cholesterol, glycolipid, hydrophilic head of phospholipids, and hydrophobic tail of phospholipids, a transmembrane protein, and intrinsic protein.
what has membrane-bound organelles?
eukaryotes
what are the basic units of organisms?
cells
why do our fingers separate after birth?
lysosomes
true or false: if a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a prokaryote
false
do vacuoles contain sap?
yes.
what is the nucleus for?
to control cell activity
what is the nucleolus for?
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome biogenesis.
name 8 organelles
nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, vacuole, lysosome, microfilaments, microtubule, intermediate filament
the turgid of the cell is maintained by the…
vacuole
what is a telltale of which a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes
where is ATP produced?
mitochondria
Suppose a thistle tube containing a 10% sugar solution is covered at one end by a membrane and is placed in a beaker containing a 5% sugar solution. Which of the following conditions must NOT exist for water to enter the tube by osmosis?
The beaker must have less water per unit volume than in the tube
If plant cells are put into a 7% salt solution the following thing will happen is…
turgor pressure decreases
what organelles support transportation?
Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
what is the one organelle not inside the cytoplasm?
the nucleus.
