Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Light Microscopes

A
  • 1000x

- coloured images

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2
Q

Electron microscopes

A
  • 200 000x

- Black and white images (can be artificially colourised)

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3
Q

Cell surface membrane

A
  • plasma membrane
  • surrounds cytoplasm
  • made up of lipids and proteins
  • partially permeable
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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • where most cell activities occur

- carries many organelles ie. mitochondria, centrioles, ribosomes

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5
Q

Nucleus

A
  • controls cell activites ie. cell growth

- essential for cell division

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6
Q

Nucleoplasm

A
  • small round mass of denser protoplasm

- in nucleus

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7
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • membrane surrounding nucleoplasm
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8
Q

Cell wall

A
  • surrounds plants’ cell surface membrane
  • made up of cellulose
  • protects frm injury
  • fixed shape
  • fully permeable
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9
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • protein synthesis
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10
Q

Chromatin

A
  • long thread-like structures
  • histone proteins and DNA (hereditary info)
  • cell division: threads condense, become highly coiled chromosomes
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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • network of fluid-filled flattened spaces
  • lined with membrane
  • ribosomes attached to outer surface
  • outer surface continuous with nuclear envelope
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12
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • round small structures
  • make proteins
  • attached to ER: usually transported out of cell
  • lying freely in cytoplasm: used within cytoplasm of cell
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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A
  • no ribosomes attached
  • more tubular than RER
  • connected to RER
  • synthesises fats and steroids (hormones)
  • converts harmful substances to harmless (detoxification)
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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • stack of flattened spaces
  • surrounded by membrane
  • chemically modifies substances frm ER
  • stores and packages substances in vesicles for secretion out of cell
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15
Q

Vesicles (How they are transported)

A
  1. small vesicles containing substances pinched off from ER
  2. vesicles fuse with and release contents into Golgi Apparatus, may be modified
  3. secretory vesicles containing modified substances pinched off, move to cell surface membrane
  4. Fuses with cell surface membrane, contents released out of cell
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16
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • aerobic respiration occurs here
  • food substances oxidised to release energy
  • energy used for cellular activities e.g. growth, reproduction
17
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • contain green pigment chlorophyll

- photosynthesis

18
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • fluid-filled space enclosed by membrane
  • animal cells: numerous, small, temporary, water&food
  • plant cells: large central vacuole, cell sap (dissolved sugars, mineral salts, amino acids), surrounded by tonoplast