Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

Question 1

What is the intermediate compound for penicillin?

Answer 1

6-AminoPenicillanic Acid
6-APA

Question 2

What are the two rings in penicillin

Answer 2

Thiazolidine, Beta-Lactam

Question 3

Give examples of beta lactam antibiotics

Answer 3

Carbapenems, monobactams

Question 4

What are beta lactamase inhibitors

Answer 4

Clavulanic acid

Question 5

What is the action of beta lactam antibiotics

Answer 5

Bactericidal

Question 6

What are the names of narrow spectrum antibiotics

Answer 6

Pen G, Pen V

Question 7

What species do narrow spectrum antibiotics act on?

Answer 7

Streptococcus, Neisseriab

Question 8

What do narrow spectrum penicillinase resistance antibiotics work on?

Answer 8

Staphyloccocus

Question 9

What are the drugs in penicillin resistant antibiotic

Answer 9

OCD
Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin

Question 10

Broad Spectrum antibiotic drugs (aminopenicillins)

Answer 10

A.A ( very good at their job)
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin

Question 11

Antimicrobial spectrum of Broad Spectrum drugs

Answer 11

HELPS
haemophilus influenza, Escherichia Coli, Proteus mirabilis.

Question 12

Extended spectrum of antibiotics drugs( antipseudomonal penicillin)

Answer 12

Pseudonomas Aeruginosa, enterobacter species, proteus

Question 13

Beta lactamase producing species

Answer 13

HENS
haemophylus influenza, E. coli, neisseria, staph. Aureus

Question 14

State characteristics of pen G

Answer 14

Lipid insoluble
Excreted by active tubular secretion
Beta lactamase sensitive
Narrow spectrum

Question 15

Mechanism of penicillin

Answer 15

Binds to penicillin binding proteins and inhibits the cross linking of the peptide side chains (transpeptidation)

Question 16

What are the mechanisms by which bacterial resistance occurs

Answer 16

Inactivation of penicillins by beta lactamase
Altered penicillin binding proteins
Inability of penicillins to reach penicillin binding proteins
Structural changes in porins

Question 17

What are the adverse effects of penicillin

Answer 17

Allergy (main)
Superinfections
GI disturbances- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 18

Clinical uses of penicillin G

Answer 18

-streptococcal, enterococcal and pneumococcal infections

Gram positive
- sad, annoyed, depressed, going bald
Syphillis, anthrax, diphtheria, gangrene,bacterial endocarditis.

Gram negative
Meningitis, gonorrhea

Question 19

Clinical uses of Pen V

Answer 19

All in the respiratory system

Respiratory tract infection
Pharyngitis
Tonsilitis
Prophylaxis in rheumatic fever

Question 20

Clinical uses of aminopenicillin

Answer 20

Otitis media, sinusitis, tonsilitis

Gram negative
Bro you took wine
Bacillary dysentery, urinary tract infection,
Typhoid, whooping cough
(Shigellosis, E coli, salmonella typhi, bordetella pertussis)

Question 21

What is the intermediate compound of cephalosporin

Answer 21

7- amino-cephalosporanic acid

Question 22

What are the two rings present in cephalosporin

Answer 22

Ring A: dihydrothiazine
Ring B: beta lactam

Question 23

Characteristics of cephalosporin

Answer 23

Beta lactam
Broad spectrum
Bactericidal
Given orally
Excreted unchanged by tubular secretion

Question 24

What are the characteristics of the cephalosporin drugs as the generation progresses

Answer 24

Increased activity against gram negative
Increased resistance to destruction by beta lactamase
Increased ability to reach CSF

Question 25

Give examples of first generation cephalosporins

Answer 25

Cephalexin, cefazolin

Question 26

Explain the antimicrobial spectrum activity of first generation drugs

Answer 26

Narrow spectrum Very sensitive to beta lactamase Very active against gram positive cocci (Straight jacket Styled Poorly) Streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci Mildly active against gram negative bacilli (Pecks) Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella pneumonia

Question 27

Give examples of second generation cephalospotins

Answer 27

Cefotetan, cefaclor

Question 28

Explain the antimicrobial spectrum activity of second gen cephalosporins

Answer 28

More activity against gram negative bacilli HENPECK Less activity against gram positive Streptococci

Question 29

Give examples of third generation cephalosporins

Answer 29

Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime

Question 30

Explain the antimicrobial spectrum activity of third generation cephalosporin

Answer 30

No activity against gram positive Very active against gram negative Used for meningitis as it can reach CSF

Question 31

Give an example of a monobactem drug

Answer 31

Aztreonam

Question 32

Explain the antimicrobial activity of monobactem

Answer 32

Active against enterobacteriaceae Acts against pseudonomas aeruginosa No activity against gram positive

Question 33

What are the adverse effects of monobactem

Answer 33

Upset GI, superinfection, vertigo, headache

Question 34

What are the adverse effects of cephalosporins

Answer 34

Hypersensitivity (main) Opportunistic infections such as pseudonomas, candida albicans presented with diarrhea, vomiting, sore mouth or tonguet HIV

Question 35

Give an example of a fourth generation drug

Answer 35

Cefepime

Question 36

Explain the mechanism of vancomycin

Answer 36

Narrow spectrum Bactericidal Binds to D-Ala terminal of the pentapeptide side chain and inhibits transglycosylation preventing the peptidoglycan chain elongation

Question 37

What are the clinical uses of vancomycin

Answer 37

Used for MRSA Used for penicillin resistant pneumococci and clostridium dificcile Oral vancomycin for refractory C. Difficile