Cell Wall Inhibitors Flashcards
List all the cell wall inhibitors
Beta lactams
-penicillin
-cephalosporin
-carbapenems
-monobactams
Vancomycin
Daptomycin
Bacitracin
Polymyxin B
List the narrow spectrum drugs
Penicillin G/ benzyl penicillin
Penicillin V/ phenoxy methyl penicillin
List the very narrow spectrum drugs
Methicilin
Naficillin
Oxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Cloxacillin
List the examples of broad spectrum penicillins
Aminopenicillins
-ampicillin
-amoxicillin
- pivampicillin
Carboxypenicillin/ antipseudomonal penicillin
-carbencillin
-ticarcillin
Ureidopenicillin
-piperacillin
-mezlopenicillin
Mecillinam ( pivmecillinam)
List the beta lactamase inhibitors
Clauvulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam
List the combination drugs
Clauvulanic acid + amoxicillin: Augumentin
Clauvulanic acid + ticarcillin: timentin
Sulbactam +ampicillin: UNASYN
Tazobactam + piperacillin: ZOSYN
Mechanism of action of penicillin
Binds and inhibits the transpeptidase enzyme or penicillin binding protein and prevents the transpeptidation/ cross linking of peptidoglycan therefore interfering with the last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis
This results in exposure of the osmotically less stable membrane and cell lysis of microorganism
Indications of penicillin
Urinary tract infection
Respiratory tract infection
Meningitis
Syphilis
Gonorrhoea
Diphtheria
Tetanus and gas gangrene
Resistance of penicillin
1) beta lactamase activity
2) altered penicillin binding sites
3) decreased accumulation
Adverse effect of penicillin
Hypersensitivity
Diarrhea
Neurotoxicity
Hematologic toxicity
Intestinal nephritis
Seizures
Adverse effects
P
E
N
C
I
L
L
I
N
P- pseudomembranous colitis
E- eosinophilia
N- nausea and vomiting
C- caution toxicity
I- intense puritis
L-lip swelling
L-liver damage
I- intestinal nephritis
N-neurotoxicity
First generation cephalosporins
All usually start with cepha/cefa exception of cefaclor(2nd gen)
Cephalexin
Cephradine
Cefazolin
Cefadroxil
Cephalothin
Cefapirin
Cefaloridine
Cefalotin
Second generation cephalosporins
Cefuroxime
Cephaclor
Cefotetan
Cefonicid
Cefoxitin
Ceprozil
Cefuzonam
Third generation cephalosporins
Mostly end with xime,xone, zone exception of cefuroxime (2nd gen)
Cefotaxime
Ceftizoxime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Cefoperazone
Cefixime
Fourth generation cephalosporins
Most common have p in them
Cefepime
Cefpirome
Cefozopran
Cefquinome
Cefoselis
Fifth generation
Ceftobiprole
Ceftaroline
Ceftolozane
Indications of cephalosporin
Respiratory tract infection
Urinary tract infection
Meningitis
Syphilis
Gonorrhoea
Diphtheria
Tetanus and gas gangrene
Septicemia
Typhoid
Soft tissue infection
Surgery prophylaxis
Agents that inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell wall
Penicillin, cephalosporins, cyclosporines, Vancomycin, bacitracin and azole antifungals
Agents acting directly on cell membrane of microorganisms affecting permeability
Polymyxin, polyene, antifungal nystatin also amphotericin B
Agents that affect 30s or 50s subunits to cause reversible inhibition of protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic
Chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, Clindamycin, pristinamycin
Agents that bind to 30s subunit alter protein synthesis and lead to cell death
Aminoglycosides
Agents that affect bacterial nucleic acid metabolism
Rifamycins e.g rifampin inhibit RNA polymerase
Quinolones inhibit topoisomerase and DNA gyrase
Antimetabolites which block essential enzymes of folate metabolism
Trimethoprine and sulphonamides
What antivirals inhibit DNA polymerase
Acyclovir, ganciclovir
Which antivirals inhibit reverse transcriptase
Zidovudin, lamivudine
Non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Nevirapine, efavirence
Inhibitors of HIV protease or influenza
Nuraminidase
Causative organism of tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1st line antiTB drugs
Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin or pyrazinamkde
2nd like antiTB drugs
Ethionamide, aminosalicylic acid, amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin and cycloserine
Isoniazid is ________ for resting bacilli and _______ for rapidly dividing microorganisms
Bacteriostatic
Bacteriocidal
If __________is not given along with isoniazid Peripheral neuritis may occur. It may ppt convulsions in pts with seizure disorders .
pyridoxine (vitamin B6
What drug colors urine orange
Rifampin
Adverse effect of ethanbutanol
optic neuritis with decrease in visual acuity and inability to differentiate colour red from green.
Bacterial resistance has developed overtime for which antiTB drug
Streptomycin
Streptomycin is Bacteriostatic/ cidal for tubercle bacilli
Bactericidal
Adverse reactions of streptomycin
features of vestibule-cochlear effect such as tinictus, deafness, distortion of balance.
synthetic pyrazine analog of nicotinamide
Pyrazmanide
The core penicillin structure without the R is known as ____ and has molecular weight of _____
Penam
246g/mol
