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life science 11 > Cell unit > Flashcards

Cell unit Flashcards

1
Q

Identify three features all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common.

A
  1. Cytosol
  2. cell/plasma membrane
  3. Ribosomes
  4. nucleic acid (DNA / RNA)
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2
Q

which domains are prokayotic cells found within?

A

archaea
bacteria

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3
Q

identify three big features that are different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  1. one chromosomes vs multiple chromosomes
  2. Nucleus
  3. Organelles membrane bound
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4
Q

how is the DNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells packaged differently?

A

Prokaryotic- circular
Eukaryotic- linear + membrane

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5
Q

Which domain are all eukaryotic cells found within?

A

eukarya

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6
Q

Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is all the material within a cell’s membrane, while cytosol is specifically the fluid or liquid portion of the cytoplasm

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7
Q

ribosome

A

Made of rRNA and protein

Two pieces- when not in use they seperate

Produces proteins- assemble amino acids

decodes mRNA to ensure the proteins properly form

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8
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

made of phospholipid membrane, ribosome, and lumen

Produces proteins

Process proteins

Modify proteins

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9
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis

Detoxifies drugs (liver cells)

Produces secretory vesicles

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10
Q

golgi body

A

Synthesis and packagin of materials (glycoprotein/glycolipids, carbohydrates, and lipids)

produces secretory vesicles

produces lysosomes

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11
Q

vesicles

A

transports big molecules (proteins, polysaccharide, lipids)

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12
Q

mitochondria

A

Produces ATP through cellular respiration

Makes specialized proteins

Has its own DNA and ribosome

Autonomous

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13
Q

lysosomes

A

Hydrollytic enzymes

Intracellular digestion

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14
Q

vacuole animal

A

storage

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15
Q

vacuole plant

A

water storage

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16
Q

chloroplast

A

Produces glucose from sunlight by photosynthesis

Has its own DNA and ribosome

Double membrane

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Synthesis of mRNA

Contros the cells by producing proteins necessary

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18
Q

nucleolus

A

Not membrane bound

Produces rRNA

Concentrated area of chromatin

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Anchors cell organelles

Maintains shape of cell

Mesh of protein filaments

Motor protein holds the vesicles and walk on the cytoskeleton

Required for transportation of vesicles

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20
Q

peroxisome

A

Single membrane bubbles containing unique enzumes which allows them to..

break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen and Fatty acids so they can be used by the mitochondria to produce ATP through cellular respiration

Liver cells use this to detoxify alcohol.

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21
Q

How does the surface area to volume ratio change as the cell grows?

A

The bigger the cell the lower the ratio meaning it is unhealthier

The smaller the cell and the higher the ratio, healthier

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22
Q

why does a cell need to divide before it grows too large?

A

the membrane works at 100% and cannot bring in enough resources to keep organelles alive

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23
Q

cell adaptations allow a cell to grow larger than normal by doing what?

A

changing its shape, adding more membrane by adding more folds.

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

Moves lipid solubles, monomers, non-polar and gas

Moves down the concentration gradient ( doesn’t require ATP)

It wiggle across the phosolibid membrane to reach equilibrium

Rate of transport affected most by temperature and concentration gradient

25
Osmosis
Moves only WATER Using the chanel protein and the concentration gradient to move water from less solute side to more solute side Rate of transport faster with higher temperature, steeper concentration graident and the number of tranpsort proteins
26
osmotic pressure
created by moving water to more solute concentration from less solute concentration Side with the greater solute concentration = greater osmotic pressure.
27
facilitated diffusion
moves ions and polar monomers Uses carrier proteins and has binding sites for particular molecules
28
active transport
moves ions and polar monomers uses carrier proteins The molecule moves to the other side when ATP attaches to the carrier proteins and releases energy
29
Endocytosis
Macromolecules and whole cells The molecule moving through the membrane is so big it tears the membrane forming a vesicle
30
Pinocytosis
(cell-drkinking) macromolecules sometimes several at a time
31
phagocytosis
(cell-eating) whole cells Usually one at a time
32
receptor mediated endocytosis
when receptor proteins on the surface of the plasma membrane allow specific molecules to attach and activate endocytosis
33
Exocytosis
Moves macromolecuels and waste products the molecules are delivered to the cell within a vesicle, which fuses with the cell membrane and becomes oart of the plasma membrane as the molecules are released.
34
Water potential of pure water in an open container is
0
35
Water movement - water potential
water flows from high water potential towards lower water potential
36
solute potential
when solutes are added to a solution, solute potentials will be negativ
37
pressure potential is 0 when..
an open container or animal cells
38
the cell wall can exert a positive pressure
in a plant cell
39
what does the iCRT stand for
i = ionization constant C = concentration R= pressure (0.0831) T = temperature
40
tight junctions
bound by proteins form a continuous seal that prevents leakage aross epithelial cells
41
desmosomes
creates strong attachments between cells
42
gap junctions
connects cytoplasm to neightouring cytoplasm
43
What is a cell membrane
a phospholipid bilayer embedded with a variety of different proteins, cholesterol and glycolipids
44
the fluid part
description of the phospholipids because they are in bouncing movements
45
the mosaic part
describes the extra proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
46
the fluid mosaic model explains..
how cells can become specialized, self-seal wehn punctured
47
glycolipids
carbohydrate head with two fatty acide tails. Used to stabilize membrane
47
functions of the cell membrane
Acts as a cell boundary ( maintians cell shape) Regulates transport of molecules in and out of the cell provides receptor sites- landing sites for hormones, proteins with unique shapes used in cell identification
48
glycoprotein
carbohydrate head with a protein used in cell recognition
49
membrane protein
can be on either surface, or can run right through the membrane
50
Cell identification
says to your immune system to not destory a working healthy cell
51
endosymbiont
a cell living within another cell The relationship is mutually beneficial
52
what is the endosymbiant theory
eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. It occurs when a non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cells was engulfed by a eukaryotic ancestor. they foremd a symbiotic relationship which became the mitochondria. it happened again with a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell. They also fromed a symbiotic relationship which became the chloroplast
53
evidence of the endosymbiant theory
Mitochondria and chloroplast have double membranes they have ribosomes and circular DNA both are autonomouse organelles that grow and reproduce inside the cell
54
functions of a cell wall
protects the plant cell maintains the shape prevents excessive uptake of water
55
cell wall compositio
middle lamella primary cell wall secondary cell wall plasma membrane
56
membrane bound organelles
Nucleus Both ER, Golgi, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vesicles, Vacuoles, Chloroplasts.
57
not membrane bound organelles
cytoskeleton centrioles ribosomes nucleolus

life science 11 (3 decks)

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